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Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential of Nanotailored Nutraceuticals
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Vandita Kakkar, Komal Saini, Suneera Adlakha, Indu Pal Kaur
Shi et al. (2012) illustrated an inventive ME-based patch for concurrent transdermal delivery of huperzine A (HA) and ligustrazine phosphate (LP) for prevention of AD. The permeation studies demonstrated that the MEs improved the permeation rates of HA and LP vis-à-vis the control, and the penetration kinetics of the transdermal patch indicating it to be a zero-order process. Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic studies signified the role of combination therapy of HA and LP for treating amnesia in contrast to monotherapy. They demonstrated a dose-dependent antiamnesic effect when estimated in scopolamine-induced amnesia model in rats post-transdermal administration. The potential of liquid crystal (LC) of an alkaloidal extract from T. divaricata for enhancing the acetylcholine level has also been successfully reported (Chaiyana et al., 2013).
The stress-response
Published in Herman Staudenmayer, Environmental Illness, 2018
The second brain region is the amygdala/hippocampus complex in the limbic system which is activated during stress by NE neurons or by an emotional stressor, such as learned fear, which could be generated from memory as a thought or a perception (Gray, 1991). The hippocampus plays a major inhibitory influence on the amygdala and the CRH system (Squire, 1987). The hippocampus is also involved in memory processing, especially for the knowledge and contextual components of memory (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978). Normal recall of life experiences, referred to as episodic memory, depends on the hippocampus. The hippocampal system receives projections from many neocortical areas. This region may be involved in relaying information between various neocortical areas so that memory storage and retrieval can be efficient. It has been suggested that amnesia is caused by disruption of the interaction of the hippocampus and the amygdala with structures in the neocortex and forebrain (Mishkin, 1982).
Cognition impairment of rat in undersea environment
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Yingxin Zou, Ying Tang, Wei Fan, Lina Liu, Yong Jiao
Considering the frequent underwater activities for professional, commercial, or military purposes, there is a continuous focus on the impact of diving on the central nervous system (CNS) and its causative sequelae, which has aroused intense debate. There were earlier reports on the long-term effects of cerebral dysfunction on divers (Calder 1992). However, current reports on abnormal neurologic outcomes produced conflicting results. One perspective insisted that there were no long-term CNS sequelae without decompression illness if diving or repeated diving was performed under controlled conditions (Peters et al. 1977; Reul et al. 1995; Cordes et al. 2000). The objective studies demonstrated that the professional divers had memory loss with a higher prevalence of the subjective cognitive complaint of amnesia or loss of concentration (Taylor et al. 2006) and the recreational scuba divers had lesion-like signals in the CNS (Tripodi et al. 2004).
The Neurostructure of Morality and the Hubris of Memory Manipulation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2018
ECT is administered by delivering electricity directly to the brain through scalp electrodes to induce a generalized tonic-clonic seizure (Deng et al. 2015, p. 38). Modern ECT consists of delivering constant current (800–900 mA) rectangular pulses with alternating polarity, which induces postictal disorientation, as well as both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. The high current amplitude employed in conventional ECT devices exposes the entire brain to a suprathreshhold stimulation that far exceeds its corresponding neural activation threshold. Pulse widths in the 0.5–2.0 ms range are considered “brief,” and widths less than 0.5 ms are considered “ultra brief.” The practice of ECT dates back to the 1930s, and its contemporary application is considered the standard par excellence of brain stimulation therapy for severe major depressive disorder. Approximately 1.5 million individuals receive ECT worldwide each year, with numbers increasing annually, and the reported clinical efficacy of the practice is unparalleled, with a remission rate of seventy percent (Deng et al. 2015, pp. 38–39). Sigmund Freud originally reported that ECT produced admirable results in his Studies in Hysteria (2004), but later came to reject it as pretentious. Over a century later, ECT is surprisingly modernized, extending into mainstream medical treatments for schizophrenia, mania, and catatonia (Delistraty 2014).
Are episodic memories special? On the sameness of remembered and imagined event simulation
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2018
The reinstatement of event features is dependent on interactions between the hippocampus and the particular cortical regions mediating the content of a given memory. Damage to content-specific regions, such as the visual cortex, can lead to retrograde amnesia, as critical parts of the memory representation are lost (Rubin & Umanath 2015). Moreover, neuroimaging research has provided compelling evidence to support the notion of distributed event representations at the level of the cortex (Danker & Anderson 2010; Rugg & Vilberg 2013). For instance, Woodruff et al. (2005) showed that during episodic retrieval, if participants are presented with one fragment of a multi-sensory experience (e.g. the picture from a picture-word pairing), there was associated reactivation of cortex mediating the other aspect of the memory (fusiform ‘visual word area’) even though that category of stimuli was not presented. Not only are reinstatement effects evident for perceptual content, but also for associated stimuli, emotional responses and strategic processing (see Danker & Anderson 2010 for a comprehensive review). Recent work leveraging multivariate techniques, such as representational similarity analyses, has demonstrated that the patterns of activity evident during encoding are significantly correlated with those evident at retrieval, even for representations of complex life-like events, and that the degree of reinstatement in the brain correlates with the vividness of re-experiencing (Bird et al. 2015; St-Laurent et al. 2015).