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Application of Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for Phototherapy of Cancer
Published in Anish Khan, Mohammad Jawaid, Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri, Wei Ni, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposites, 2020
Bhagwati Sharma, Tridib K. Sarma, Anish Khan
Cancer, being one of the deadliest diseases, has been a threat to humans for several decades and has attracted immense research interest [1–4]. The most widely used methods to treat cancer involve radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. Each of these methods, however, suffers from certain limitations [5,6]. For instance, radiotherapy is known to cause toxic side effects such as damage to the normal tissues near the radiotherapy site as well as systemic immune suppression. Surgical treatment, on the other hand, suffers from its inability to treat metastasis tumors and tumors growing in sensitive parts of the body. Further, in most of the cases, the tumor cells are not completely removed. Chemotherapy uses chemical drugs to control and kill the cancer cells. These drugs can effectively be circulated throughout the human body and are effective towards systemic treatment. However, they have poor targeting ability and hence cause serious side effects to normal tissues. Therefore, there has been an urge to develop alternative cancer treatment methods that are not only safe and cost-effective, but also have the potential to completely remove/kill the cancer cells without any side effects to other normal tissues. In this regard, cancer therapy by the use of light, commonly known as phototherapy has recently gained immense attention [2,3,7–10]. Phototherapy, which employs radiation energy, is a non-invasive clinical approach with marginal side effects, used for the treatment of tumor cells. It makes use of near infrared light of wavelength 650–1300 nm for excitation of the photosensitizers (PS) present in the tumor sites to generate chemically reactive species (photodynamic therapy) or sufficient heat in the body (photothermal therapy), capable of killing tumor cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of PS to the tumor cells, followed by illumination of the region using infrared light of suitable wavelength. This leads to the excitation of the PS, which then transfer their excess energy to molecular oxygen, generating highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2), which consequently leads to cell death and tissue destruction [11,12]. In the case of photothermal therapy (PTT), PS are excited by the absorption of light, and the excess energy is released in the form of heat which elevates the temperature of the region above 40°C, leading to cell death [13–15].
Curie-supported accelerated curing by means of inductive heating – Part I: Model building
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2022
Morten Voß, Marvin Kaufmann, Till Vallée
For the development of the numerical model, it was assumed that CP-induced heat, Hcp, is capped by the Curie temperature (Tc) of the CP and thus no further CP-heat is generated when the adhesive temperature reaches Tc. Aforementioned assumption has already been validated for different types of ferrite particles,[99–104] which are mostly applied during alternative cancer treatment using hyperthermia to protect healthy tissue from damage. As Tc represents an essential material parameter for the numerical modelling, experimental investigations in a modified thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA, Q5000 IR TGA device, TA Instruments Inc., USA) were carried out for its determination, resp. the verification of the manufacturer’s data. For that, a small (~20 mg) sample of CP was placed in the TGA device and heated in a temperature range of 25–250°C. Starting from RT, the temperature of the TGA was increased using a relatively low heating rate of 1 K/min to ensure that heat was distributed sufficiently fast throughout the CP sample. During the measurement, the attraction force exerted by a magnet was measured at ambient air conditions.