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Asthma Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology and Management in the Current Scenario
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Kakarla Raghava Reddy, Veera Sadhu, Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
Apart from the lung function test, there are many additional tests to diagnose asthma and these tests include fractional exhaled nitric oxide test, methacholine challenge, X-ray imaging, allergy testing, provocative test for exercise, and cold-induced asthma and sputum test. The fractional exhaled nitric oxide test is a quick, non-invasive test that measures the amount of nitric oxide in exhaled breath. The level of nitric oxide is higher in patients suffering from asthma. In methacholine challenge and allergy testing, the patient is exposed to methacholine which is a direct stimulant of airway smooth muscle and a triggering agent [15,16]. Asthmatic patients would react to methacholine and face mild constriction of airways [14]. Similar to the methacholine test, an allergy test can also be performed by exposing the patient to certain allergens followed by a skin test and blood test. The provocative test for exercise and cold-induced asthma involves testing of exercise and cold bronchoconstriction. The test involves measuring the airway obstruction before and after a patient is subject to rigorous exercise or several breaths of cold air. Apart from this, a simple blood and sputum test can also be used as a confirmatory test. For the blood sample test, a small peg-like device is attached to the finger of a patient and the device measures the amount of oxygen present in the blood. In the sputum test, the patient's sputum or mucus is tested for the presence of eosinophils with the help of eosin dye.
Treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients using percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy combined with postoperative three-dimensional traction
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Dexin Hu, Jun Fei, Genjun Chen, Yongjie Yu, Zhen Lai
Patients with negative preoperative routine iodine allergy test; patients with invalid non-surgical treatment; patients diagnosed with the lumbar spinal stenosis using imaging data; patients with radicular pain or intermittent claudication as the main symptom; patients diagnosed with single segmental lumbar spinal stenosis or mild second segmental lumbar spinal stenosis with lumbar disc herniation as the main symptom (L3,4, L4,5, L5,S1).