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Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
The adventitia is the strong outer covering of veins, composed of connective tissue, collagen, and elastic fibers. These fibers allow the veins to stretch to prevent overexpansion because of the pressure that is exerted on the walls by blood flow. The media is the middle layer of the walls of veins and is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers. This layer is not as thick in veins as it is in arteries and does not pump very actively in veins. Blood in the veins is moved through the contraction of surrounding muscles on to the veins.
Free radial oscillations of an actuated cylindrical tube
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Kriti Arya, Deepak Kumar, Somnath Sarangi
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are found in the hollow organs of the animal body such as blood vessels, digestive system, reproductive system, lungs etc., see [23]. Blood vessels consist of the three distinct layers (intima, media, and the adventitia). Smooth muscle cells are present in the middle most layer media of the arterial tissue and are generally aligned in the circumferential direction. SMCs contribute to the overall remodeling of the blood vessels during hypertension, growth and cardiovascular diseases. The role of the smooth muscle cells in arterial remodeling are discussed in detail by [24–26]. Physiologically, arterial tree is controlled by the autonomous nervous system. Body controls the flow of blood by changing the compliance (inverse of stiffness) of the arterial tissue which in turn is achieved by electrical signaling through the autonomous nervous system. Essentially the arterial tissue changes its compliance through actuating the SMCs. Motivated by this well-known fact, the present work is focused on the modeling of a simplified version of arterial actuation by extending the classical Knowles’ tube problem. A simplified mathematical analysis of the arterial actuation and a complete analytical solution approach is proposed. The present study may effectively be used to develop sensors and actuators popular in soft robotics industry. Besides, the physiological inferences presented in this work will help in biomimetics [27] and in turn will also benefit the biomedical field [28,29]. Biomimetics is a new discipline introduced in soft robotics that studies nature’s best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes in developing human-like soft robots.