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General Reservoir Management Practices, Aberrations, and Consequences
Published in Ashok K. Pathak, Petroleum Reservoir Management, 2021
The use of models is common in consumer and fashion goods industries to promote their products’ sales. Life-sized mannequins are quite popular to display or fit clothing, and so are replicas of human figures to teach the methods of first aid, CPR, and advanced airway management skills in a computer simulation. In the oil industry, laboratory or physical models such as core floods are as common as mathematical models. Because oil and gas extraction is a costly activity, the companies want to do it the right way the very first time. A simulation model has a set of mathematical equations representing the fluid flow through porous media. Under certain assumptions and boundary conditions, it acts as a dummy reservoir to test early development and production concepts at a low cost. The most advantageous option tested on the model can then be selected for execution in the field.
Laryngoscopes for difficult airway scenarios: a comparison of the available devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
While both DAS and ASA algorithms undoubtedly find clinical application in managing the difficult airways in the conditions of the operating theater, their reference to emergency medicine is limited. Complications of airway management are infrequent. The NAP4 project estimated that airway management resulted in one serious complication per 22,000 cases of general anesthesia, with a death or brain damage rate of 1:150,000. However, one should bear in mind that when intubation is performed during emergency procedures, each patient should be treated as a difficult airway case as it is impossible to carry out an anesthesiological examination in order to determine potential difficulties in intubation and prepare for their management, or to perform preoxygenation. An additional aspect that should be considered when intubating a patient in emergency conditions is the full stomach. It is not known when the patient ate the latest meal; hence, there is a high risk of vomiting or regurgitation and aspiration of the food content to the respiratory tract. In a cross-sectional study that was carried out in an emergency department, 1212 intubations were conducted, out of which 157 were enrolled into the difficult intubation group [5]. On the other hand, studies by Murphy and Walls [6] and Mackay [7] indicate that the incidence of difficult intubation equals 1.15–3.18% in the operating room and 3–5.3% in the emergency department. Moreover, Murphy and Walls [6] maintain that only 0.01% of patients intubated electively will have airway management failure vs. 1% of rescue cricothyrotomy rate in the emergency department; however, prehospital advanced airway management with oxygenation and ventilation may be vital for critically ill or injured patients [8].