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General Reservoir Management Practices, Aberrations, and Consequences
Published in Ashok K. Pathak, Petroleum Reservoir Management, 2021
The use of models is common in consumer and fashion goods industries to promote their products’ sales. Life-sized mannequins are quite popular to display or fit clothing, and so are replicas of human figures to teach the methods of first aid, CPR, and advanced airway management skills in a computer simulation. In the oil industry, laboratory or physical models such as core floods are as common as mathematical models. Because oil and gas extraction is a costly activity, the companies want to do it the right way the very first time. A simulation model has a set of mathematical equations representing the fluid flow through porous media. Under certain assumptions and boundary conditions, it acts as a dummy reservoir to test early development and production concepts at a low cost. The most advantageous option tested on the model can then be selected for execution in the field.
Measuring the Impact of Time Pressure on Team Task Performance
Published in Rhona Flin, Lucy Mitchell, Safer Surgery, 2009
Colin F. Mackenzie, Shelly A. Jeffcott, Yan Xiao
This chapter examines the impact of time pressure on trauma resuscitation team performance, by using tracheal intubation as a model to contrast task performance at two levels of task urgency, emergency and elective interventions, depending on the clinical circumstances. The task of tracheal intubation is very relevant to understanding anaesthesia activities during surgery, as it is a task carried out after induction of anaesthesia in the operating room. Tracheal intubation includes rendering unconsciousness (using anaesthetic and paralysing drugs if the patient is awake or semi-conscious) to stop breathing efforts or patient resistance and allow placement of an endo-tracheal tube through the mouth and between the vocal cords. The ‘airway management’ achieved by tracheal intubation is a lifesaving intervention when executed correctly in an emergency. However, it requires significant technical skill and has risks (vomiting and aspiration, detrimental changes in vital signs including cardiac arrest) that may even significantly outweigh the potential benefits of improved oxygenation and ventilation. The complications associated with task accomplishment may, themselves, become more life threatening than the problem that the intervention was intended to remedy. Several methods were considered to collect data to examine the impact of time pressure on tracheal intubation.
Pediatric airway management devices: an update on recent advances and future directions
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Michelle Tsao, Angelica A. Vargas, John Hajduk, Renee Singh, Narasimhan Jagannathan
Beyond the use of DL, there are alternate modalities to intubate the trachea and oxygenate the lungs of pediatric patients. Specifically,VL, supraglottic airways, and novel oxygenation devices will be discussed in this review.Effective oxygenation is a priority during pediatric airway management and helps prevent complications such as hypoxemia and cardiac arrest. A number of devices are available to provide a means to oxygenate pediatric patients.If difficulty is encountered during with traditional DL, transition to an advanced airway technique, e.g. VL to minimize complications.VL has be shown to be superior to DL for tracheal intubation in children with difficult airways.Insertion of a supraglottic airway is a critical step when rapid airway rescue and oxygenation is needed, when difficult mask ventilation and/or failed laryngoscopy is encountered, and is a distinct step in virtually all difficult airway algorithms.Repeated practice with validated devices on normal airways will allow for successful airway management when one inevitably encounters the difficult airway.
Video laryngoscopy-assisted tracheal intubation in airway management
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Chia-Chih Liao, Fu-Chao Liu, Allen H. Li, Huang-Ping Yu
Successful airway management require a wide range of knowledge from the acute care providers, such as the ability to predict a difficult airway and to formulate a plan for airway management and the skills for using various kinds of airway devices [1]. Securing and maintaining a patent airway remains a fundamental issue in clinical practice. Failure to establish airway in patients can cause severe hypoxic brain injury and even death in a few minutes. According to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASAs), development of an airway emergency increased the odds ratio of brain damage or death to 15-folds [2]. Although the incidence of airway-related complications has declined in recent decades, they are still a leading cause of major adverse events in anesthesia and emergency departments [3–5]. Therefore, one of the essential responsibilities for every healthcare practitioner is to ensure adequate ventilation with oxygen, and a patent airway for patients when indicated. Endotracheal intubation is regarded as one of the most common methods in airway management. Several devices, including the supraglottic airway as an intubating conduit, laryngoscope blades, intubating stylet, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, light wand, and video laryngoscopes, have been introduced for tracheal intubation in the clinical arena. However, these techniques may have issues related to complexity, reliability, availability, and cost and may only be advantageous in certain conditions [6]. Familiarity of medical personnel with all these devices may help reduce the incidence of airway-related complications in patients.