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Nanomedicine for Radiation Therapy
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Radiotherapy can trigger a phenomenon called abscopal effect where local tumor treatment induces systemic regression of metastatic lesions (Hiniker, 2012). With the development of cancer immunotherapy, evidences support that the abscopal effect after radiation therapy is caused by the activation of immune system. Radiation induces pro-inflammatory protein production for immune stimulation. It further increases the exposure of immune cells to cancer-specific antigens that are released following radiotherapy-induced cancer cell death (Rasaneh, 2015). In this process, nanoparticles are able to capture tumor-specific antigens and activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to improve the abscopal effect, thus enhance immunotherapy efficacy. For example, Wang et al. used PLGA nanoparticles to capture tumor-specific antigens after the exposure of tumor to irradiation. It showed a 20% cure rate using the B16F10 melanoma model, compared to 0% without the antigen-capture ring nanoparticles. It also showed increased CD4+/Treg and CD8+/Treg ratios (Min, 2017).
Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Vaccines as Drug Delivery Tools
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
The second key advantage of CNTs over traditional carriers is their large surface area. According to the current rationale for the use of CNTs, this enables the delivery of large amounts of antigen/adjuvant to APCs. Expanding on this theory, it has recently been shown that particulates can bind to antigen within the tumor environments following intratumoral inoculation [250]. For instance, Min et al. recently demonstrated that an injection of nanoparticle intratumorally, prior to radio ablation of the tumor, served to enhance the so-called abscopal effect: the phenomenon whereby following the ablation of a tumor a systemic immune response is triggered against the released antigen/immune stimulants resulting in remission of distal tumors. One hypothesis is that the particles are retained within the tumor “mopping up” antigen and immune active molecules. When the tumor is subsequently ablated, the particles are released and are taken up by APCs in the tumor-draining lymph nodes [250]. The high surface area of the CNTs and the ability to form strong noncovalent associations with proteins specifically lend them to this purpose. Indeed, it has been shown that GO formulated with CpG can be used for photothermal ablation; though the assessment of the abscopal effect was not measured, there is clearly an immune component [251]. There have been some studies assessing the “protein corona” following administration of CNT intravenously; it would be interesting to perform these studies following intra-tumoral administration to determine how much tumor antigen can be absorbed directly from the tumor tissue in comparison with other carriers [252,253]. Supporting this general hypothesis, it has been shown that CNTs, when formulated in vitro with tumor cell lysate, can serve to protect from tumor challenge [126].
Transient heating in a spherical tissue due to thermal therapy in the context of memory-dependent heat transport law
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Abhik Sur, Sudip Mondal, M. Kanoria
Radiation therapy seems to be one of the cornerstones of cancer therapies. By inducing lethal DNA damages (such as DNA single- and double-strand breaks), ionizing radiation (IR) necrosis and mitotic catastrophe. Nowadays, various studies highlight that ionizing radiation may also impact the tumoral microenvironment, for which, the associated immune system and modulate tumor response to radiation therapy [12]. As an example, accumulating evidence demonstrates that radiation therapy can promote tumor immune response by eliciting immunogenic cell death, tumor antigen release and immune cell activations. In addition to this, the combination of radiation therapy with a variety of immune modulators also enhanced tumor regression outside the field of irradiation, also known as abscopal effect, confirming that the biological consequences of the ionizing radiation of tumoral microenvironment components (such as immune effectors) are key events in tumor response to radiotherapy that remains to be elucidated [13].
Boron-incorporating hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) nanomaterial in boron neutron capture therapy
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Shuichiro Yoneoka, Yasuhiro Nakagawa, Koichiro Uto, Kazuma Sakura, Takehiko Tsukahara, Mitsuhiro Ebara
Radiation stimulates cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and leads to not only systemic antitumor immune response but also growth suppression of nonirradiated metastatic tumors at distant sites from irradiated primary tumor sites. This phenomenon called the abscopal effect has been known to be facilitated by radiotherapy in combination with immunotherapy [17–19]. Recent studies have revealed that the combination of immunotherapy with radiotherapy enables the synergistic enhancement of cancer-treatment efficacy, and global clinical trials for some types of cancer are ongoing [20]. Among the radiation therapy, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a powerful cancer cell-targeted radiation treatment. The nuclear reaction of thermal neutrons and boron-10 isotopes (10B, 19.9% natural abundance) emits alpha (α) particles and lithium atoms because of the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction. Since the range distance of the particles, ca. 10 µm, is quite close to the size of single cell, the selective destruction of target tumor cells can be accomplished without any effect on normal cells [21]. Low molecular weight boron agents such as sodium borocaptate (BSH) and p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) have been clinically used as boron-containing pharmaceuticals [22,23], while they exhibit a short-term retention time in tumor cells, and often cause vascular endothelial injuries because of the severe increase of boron concentrations in blood [23–29]. Various boron-incorporated macromolecular agents with high boron contents such as liposomes, polymeric nanomicelles, and antibodies have also been produced, and their physiological-pathophysiological evaluation has been performed [30–36]. However, the macromolecular approaches are not satisfactory in terms of the insufficient boron accumulation efficiency in tumor cells, low boron content per unit weight, and the complicated synthesis.
Technology of irreversible electroporation and review of its clinical data on liver cancers
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Emil I. Cohen, David Field, George Emmett Lynskey, Alexander Y. Kim
A complete systemic response in tumors located remotely from the ablation zone, known as the abscopal effect, can be seen with ablative techniques [37]. There has been recent interest in the further development of ways to exploit this pathway through immune modulation in combination with ablative techniques [38].