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Recent Advances of Nanotechnologies for Cancer Immunotherapy Treatment
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
The first human CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies applied in clinical treatment are ipilimumab and tremelimumab [10]. Ipilimumab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that is approved by FDA for melanoma in 2011 [165]. Application of CTLA-4 antibodies in lung cancer, prostate cancer, and various types of cancer in clinical trials is also undergoing. Tremelimumab is a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody which is also applied in clinical trials of melanoma, mesothelioma, and NSCLC. However, severe adverse effects can be observed during the clinical treatment especially for ipilimumab. Due to the overactivation and proliferation of T cells, severe or even fatal side effects can be detected in a minority of patients who received ipilimumab treatment. Besides, other gastrointestinal tract–associated side effects (diarrhea, bloating, stomach pain, etc.), colitis, hypophysitis, and breathing problems also can be seen [166].
AI and Chronic Inflammation
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
Checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibody drugs that target and attach to PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, (anti-cancer) proteins on T-cells (and some cancer cells). This binding action can inhibit the proteins and boost the immune response against cancer cells. These drugs are given intravenously and have been shown to be helpful in treating several types of cancer with new cancer types being added as more studies show the drugs to be effective. Examples of drugs that target PD-1 include Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), Nivolumab (Opdivo®), and Cemiplimab (Libtayo®). PD-L1 drugs include Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®), Avelumab (Bavencio®), and Durvalumab (Imfinzi®). Ipilimumab (Yervoy®) is a CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor and is used specifically to treat skin melanoma. Some common side effects of checkpoint inhibitors include diarrhea, pneumonitis (inflammation in the lungs), rashes and itchiness, problems with some hormone levels, and kidney infections.23
Biofunctional Three-Dimensional Nanofibrous Surface for Tissue Engineering and Apoptotic Carcinogenic Approach
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Lucas B. Naves, Luis Almeida, Seeram Ramakrishna
Fortunately, this paradigm has changed due to the advances done in new pathways and targeting in DDSs, which may play a major impact on the development of immunotherapy and target therapy for melanoma cancer. Most common type of drugs used for the treatment of melanoma metastatic effect is ipilimumab and vemurafenib, both approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), although both therapies still present their limitations. These drugs play a different role targeting in melanoma cells. Ipilimumab can achieve durable benefits to the target cells by blocking the immune suppression of T cells which is induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4); however, around 80%–85% of the patients do not respond to this therapy. Vemurafenib can achieve rapid tumor regression, targeting melanoma harboring BRAFV600E mutations. The negative side of this drug is that patients might have drug resistance after 6 months of treatment. In 2015, Wang and Yun presented the melanoma network environment affecting the development of melanoma focusing the tissue hypoxia, macrophages, and stromal fibroblasts [28]. It is only possible to develop new drugs and strategies for melanoma therapy, prognosis, and diagnosis through a better understanding of how tumor microenvironment can directly affect the melanoma cancer progression.
Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Alison Mary Rich, Haizal Mohd Hussaini, Benedict Seo, Rosnah Bt Zain
The interest in gaining a greater understand of the composition and functional activity of the stromal immune cells in OSCC is related to the potential to expand the field of cancer immunotherapy to this region, using the experience from other solid tumours as a platform e.g. the use of antibodies against T cell antigens such as ipilimumab for some melanomas (Wado-Ohno et al. 2019). The management of primary oral cancer currently remains centred around surgery with or without radiotherapy. Both modalities are associated with significant morbidity even when the treatment is curative and so it is important to search for effective durable targeted medical management for oral cancer, as has been used successfully in cancers of other systems. General systemic chemotherapy with the likes of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and bleomycin were used for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with some success and later combination therapies e.g. 5FU/cisplatin were employed, but these regimens also had many side effects (Blasco et al. 2017) and were often followed by recurrence of the cancer and resistance (Derbal 2018). The epithelial growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab was the first targeted therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in HNSCC and it is now the standard of care for metastatic HNSCC in some centres (Kaidar-Person et al. 2018). Subsequently, with increased understanding of the role immune cells play in the TME and greater understanding of immune escape, where tumour cells evade the immune system, other drugs known as immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved, after obtaining good results in clinical trials (Blasco et al. 2017). Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitors that are available in New Zealand are nivolumab (PD1 inhibitor) and ipilimumab (CTLA-4 inhibitor). Only nivolumab is publicly funded through Pharmac (Pharmaceutical Management Agency, Ministry of Health, New Zealand) and available for use in OSCC patients.