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Pathological Manifestations and Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
In ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and other carcinogenic studies, where As was used as the cancer promotor, As causes an imbalance of cytokines profiles, alterations of immunoglobulin secretion profiles, T cell response, and apoptosis of immune cells including CD4 cells activation via TNF R1 (Acharya et al., 2010; C. H. Lee, Liao, & Yu, 2011). Apoptosis of human mononuclear cells has also been associated with As exposure in vitro, with B lymphocytes and monocytes being significantly affected (de la Fuente et al., 2002). Furthermore, As may dysregulate macrophage functions via activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4) causing a significant downregulation of CD 11b phagocytic functions that can also be associated with impact in apoptotic cell death (Srivastava et al., 2016).
Engineered Scaffolds: Materials and Microstructure from Nanostructures to Macrostructures for Tissue Engineering
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Venu G. Varanasi, Panayiotis S. Shiakolas, Pranesh B. Aswathc
runx2, atf4, msxl, and SMADS) are tightly regulated osteogenic markers that themselves may only have 2- to 3-fold increased expression, but they have a much larger effect on downstream collagenous and noncollagenous genes and protein expression.110111 But, no conceptualized theory has been proposed as to how these ions affect osteogenesis, and no mechanism underlying these effects has been uncovered.
Outdoor Emissions
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Further, paraquat-activated calpain and caspase 3 along with ER-induced cascade inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)878 can be involved in GWI. In another study carried out on neuroblastoma cells rotenone-induced ER stress has become evident by increased phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2-α (elF2α) as well as the expression of GRP78. Protein kinases A and C combined with Ca2+ and then phosphorylated can increase sensitivity up to 1000 times thus generating chemically sensitivity from these toxics. Moreover, rotenone activates glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and ER-related multifunctional serine/threonine kinase implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.879 Deltamethrin, a pyrethtoid pesticide, has been reported to induce apoptosis through ER stress pathway involving elF2α calpain and caspase-12.880 Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC)/Cu complex, a widely used pesticide, has also been linked to the ER stress-associated signaling molecules, including GRP78, GRP94, caspase-12, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and CHOP in lung epithelial cells.881 Chloropicrin an aliphatic nitrate pesticide has been indicated to increase ER stress-related proteins, including GRP78, IRE1α, and CHOP/GADD 153 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.882 Some other pesticides belonging to the organochlorines (endosulfan), carbamates (formetanate, methomyl, pyrimicarb), and pyrethroids (bifenthrin) have been evaluated for their effects on stress proteins among which upregulation of the ER chaperone GRP78 and downregulation of the cytosolic chaperone HSP72/73 were significant. These effects can occur when ER is under stress and the UPR results in increased expression of ER chaperones and decreased protein synthesis in the cytosol.883,884
Cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth with cotton cellulose nanofibers for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Rafaella de S. S. Zanette, Leonara Fayer, Eduarda R. de Oliveira, Camila G. Almeida, Cauê R. Oliveira, Luiz F. C. de Oliveira, Carlos M. C. Maranduba, Érika C. Alvarenga, Humberto M. Brandão, Michele Munk
The DAPK1 gene is also related to the different apoptotic pathways [70]. Recently, Quirós et al. [71] showed that ATF4 contributes to cell survival, activating the expression of cytoprotective genes, which reprogram cellular metabolism by activating the integrated stress response. In the present study, the apoptosis and stress markers were changed in the human stem cell, indicating cellular stress after cotton CNF exposure.