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Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Three landmarks are used for the Q-angle: (a) the center of the patella, (b) the tibial tuberosity, and (c) the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). A goniometer can be used to measure the angle with the center of the patella as the apex of the angle. The angle is measured with the knee in full extension (Amis, 2007; Weiss, DeForest, Hammond, Schilling, & Ferreira, 2013). The normal Q-angle for women (17°) is larger than for men (14°). The gender difference relates to differences in pelvic width—a woman’s pelvis is typically wider. Other factors also influence the Q-angle: (a) the angle between the femoral neck and the femoral shaft, (b) the length of each femoral component, and (c) the natural external rotation of the tibial tuberosity with full knee extension—the “screw-home” mechanism (Hallén & Lindahl, 1966). Q-angle may affect pants’ grainline placement, but more study is needed.
Effects of restraint parameters using PIPER 6y in reclined seating during frontal impact
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2022
Katarina Bohman, Sarah El-Mobader, Lotta Jakobsson
The distance between the shoulder and the shoulder belt, defined as a shoulder belt gap, was measured by defining a longitudinal distance from the body at the mid clavicle to the shoulder belt. Jugular notch to shoulder belt distance was used to describe the lateral shoulder belt position and was measured as the lateral distance between the midline of the shoulder belt to the jugular notch. The pelvis angle was defined by measuring the angle as an average of left and right anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic symphysis in the sagittal plane (see Figure A3 in Appendix). The torso angle was defined by the angle between vertical plane and the sternum, measured as the line between lower and upper sternum. Submarining was defined as the lap belt completely moving above the ASIS, and each side was analyzed separately. If partial-only submarining occurred, the side of submarining was specified.