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Nanostructured Cellular Biomolecules and Their Transformation in Context of Bionanotechnology
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Bionanotechnology, 2018
Translation is a very intricate multistep irreversible process occurring in the translation complex. The translation complex is the assembly of four different components: (1) two ribosomal subunits, (2) more than 50 protein factors known as initiation factors, (3) mRNA, and (4) aminoacyl-tRNA. Ribosome catalyzes the peptide bond formation, protein factors assist ribosome in each steps of translation, mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA specifying the protein’s sequence, and the aminoacyl-tRNAs carry activated amino acids for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and protein synthesis takes place in ribosomes. The ribosomes are composed of two subunits: 30S and 50S subunit, which combine to form active 70S in prokaryotes and 40S and 60S subunit, which combine to form active 80S ribosome in eukaryotes. The subunits are separated by a narrow neck and the protrusion extending from the base of ribosome forms a cleft where the mRNA molecule attaches. Ribosomes have two sites for binding of aminoacyl-tRNA such that their anticodons interact with the correct mRNA codons. The aminoacylated ends of two tRNAs are positioned at the site of peptide bond formation. During protein synthesis, ribosome has a role to hold mRNA and growing polypeptide chains and to accommodate the several protein factors.
Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
The synthesis of secretory peptides/proteins is initiated in the cytoplasm. The mRNA molecules bound to 80S ribosome begin the synthesis of the secretory peptides/proteins. As the synthesis of protein proceeds, a 16–30 amino acid residue signal sequence, ER signal sequence, at N-terminal guides the ribosome towards the membrane of ER. The signal sequence comprises of the positively charged amino acid residues and 6–12 hydrophobic amino acid residues.
Effect of Ozone on Bond Strength of Different Restorative Materials to Enamel and Dentin
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
It is known that the use of ozone for less than 20s is insufficient for sterilization (Fagrell, Dietz, Lingstrom, Steiniger, Noren 2008). Notably, the lethal effects of ozone on cariogenic bacteria begin at 20s and reach their maximum after 80s (Fagrell, Dietz, Lingstrom, Steiniger, Noren 2008, Polydorou, Pelz, Hahn 2006). Thus, the effect of 80-s ozone treatment is equivalent to the efficacy of some antibacterial adhesive systems (Polydorou, Pelz, Hahn 2006). Therefore, two different ozone application times, a minimum of 20s and a maximum of 80s, were applied in this study.