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Vehicle Architectures and Design
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
The PHEVs are similar to the charge-sustaining hybrids except that they have a higher capacity energy storage system with a power electronic interface for connection to the grid. The energy storage system in a PHEV can be charged on-board and also from an electrical outlet. The vehicle can operate in a battery-only mode for a much longer period than the charge-sustaining hybrid vehicles. The PHEV is intended to operate as a pure BEV for the design-specified distances during the daily commute. The IC engine is used to provide additional power and range for long-distance driving. This type of vehicle is also sometimes known as a ‘range extender’. The energy obtained from the external power grid in the PHEV displaces the energy that would otherwise be obtained by burning fuel in the vehicle’s IC engine. This has the potential of higher usage of alternative fuels in comparison to other hybrid vehicles where all of the energy comes from the fossil fuel.
Economic and Environmental Assessment of the Transport Sector in Smart Cities
Published in Evanthia A. Nanaki, George Xydis, Exergetic Aspects of Renewable Energy Systems, 2019
Two of the vehicles are BEVs (Mitsubishi MiEV and Nissan Leaf); whereas the third (Opel Ampera REV) is an EV with range extender 18–20. The Mitsubishi MiEV is a five door, four seater all electric vehicle powered by a 47 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor. Electricity is stored in a 16 kWh Lithium-ion battery pack. The Nissan Leaf is a five door, four seat all electric vehicle powered by an 80 kW motor. Electricity is stored in a 24 kWh Lithium-ion battery pack. The Opel Ampera is an Extended-Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV), its lithium-ion battery pack powers the electric drive unit for 25 to 50 miles, which provides full vehicle speed and acceleration. For longer trips, the car’s ‘range-extending’ engine sustains the battery. The range extender, powered by a 1.4-liter petrol-driven generator, can create electricity to power the car for a further 310 miles.
Solid oxide fuel cell system for automobiles
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Xiangfu Qin, Junwen Cao, Ga Geng, Yifeng Li, Yun Zheng, Wenqiang Zhang, Bo Yu
These advantages above make the SOFC system very promising for automotive applications. SOFC system can be divided into two types: a simple SOFC system and hybrid power system based on SOFC (SOFC-based hybrid power system). Three possible applications of SOFC system in automobiles are highlighted: 1) auxiliary power unit (APU); 2) hybrid power with other automobile power; 3) a single power source (Cacciola, Antonucci, and Freni 2001). In this review, we not only introduce the simple SOFC system configuration, but also mention two ways to improve its efficiency. Moreover, we highlight that the use of SOFC-based hybrid power system, such as SOFC-internal combustion engine and SOFC-PEMFC, can further improve the efficiency and feasibility. In addition, the applications of SOFC system as auxiliary power unit (APU) for the heavy truck and as a range extender for electric vehicle are introduced. Despite these broad application prospects, several existing technical challenges, including the long start-up time and energy management issues, are also discussed. Facing these challenges, future research directions are proposed to improve the technical maturity of SOFC system for automobiles.
A review on fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain modeling and simulation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Eda Alpaslan, Sera Ayten Çetinkaya, Ceren Yüksel Alpaydın, S. Aykut Korkmaz, Mustafa Umut Karaoğlan, C. Ozgur Colpan, K. Emrah Erginer, Aytaç Gören
Most of the papers only consider single objectives such as energy consumption (Álvarez Fernández et al. 2018), running cost (Fletcher, Thring, and Watkinson 2016), emissions (Koot et al. 2005), and fuel cell lifetime (Li et al. 2018) to optimize for FCEV. In Ref. (Álvarez Fernández et al. 2018), the fuel cell stack is used as a range extender with a proposed switch control strategy based on battery sustaining mode optimized by genetic algorithm that gives the maximum range and minimum hydrogen consumption among other modes (depleting mode and increasing mode). The stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) optimization algorithm was used on a low-speed light campus vehicle to get a better overall cost for an FCEV that has a PEMFC system with a lead-acid battery bank. The SDP approach provided a %7.6 saving of overall cost as on a Markov chain driving cycle (Fletcher, Thring, and Watkinson 2016). Li et al. 2018 proposed a novel EMS algorithm using sequential quadratic programming (SQP) based ECMS for FCEV to minimize the fuel cell degradation by controlling the fuel cell current.