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Technical Textiles
Published in Asit Baran Samui, Smart Polymers, 2022
A.K. Sidharth, Junaid Parkar, Ravindra Kale, Ramanand Jagtap
People are spending more time in their cars, due to increased traffic density, greater mobility, and long-distance traveling. Car interiors are an important feature of the raised consumer expectations of car buyers and the car interior’s comfort is a priority reflected in their cost. Today, over 90% of car seat covers are made of polyester filament yarns (Figure 8.6). Apart from abrasion resistance and UV resistance, polyester also offers good tearing strength and ease of cleaning.
Body Systems
Published in Dorin O. Neacşu, Automotive Power Systems, 2020
The first automotive application has consisted of an automotive valve used to control pneumatic bladders in a car seat that adjusts the contour of the lumbar support. In another application, the 2014 Chevrolet Corvette used a shape memory alloy within the trunk lock. It can be seen that slow-actuated and not critical applications are preferred herein. Both car seat and pneumatic valve assembly can benefit from a lighter actuator while the response time is not very critical.
Numerical Simulations in Virtual Environments
Published in Andrzej Grabowski, Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments, 2020
Two-point seat belt. The Madymo package has a built-in tool for creating seat belts. In this case, a model developed using the finite element method was used. All parameters and material properties come from the Madymo library and were selected based on many experimental studies. This belt has the properties of a typical car seat belt. The belts keep the operator in the chair very well, but in the case of both the passive and active human model, the head hits the ground. If only the lap belt is used, the human model is held in the chair, but the torso and head are not supported and the head hits the ground with extreme force (see Figure 7.8). It turns out that when the operator is positioned closer to the edge of the side on which the forklift flips, the force of impact is smaller. Nevertheless, in almost all cases there is a high probability of death (about 50%).
Evaluation of give kids a boost: A school-based program to increase booster seat use among urban children in economically disadvantaged areas
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Merissa A. Yellman, Marissa A. Rodriguez, Maria Isabel Colunga, Mary A. McCoy, Shelli Stephens-Stidham, L. Steven Brown, Gregory R. Istre
Texas's child passenger safety law, which took effect in 2009, is a primary enforcement law that requires all children <8 years of age to be in a car seat or booster seat every time they travel in a motor vehicle, unless they measure 4 ft. 9 in. in height (Texas Department of Public Safety 2016). Despite the law, booster seat use in Texas is low. Observations of child restraint use conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) in 2016 showed that only 16% of children 5–7 years old were appropriately restrained in a booster seat, and 54% were completely unrestrained; in Dallas, only 5% of observed children 5–7 years of age were restrained appropriately in a booster seat (Katie Womack, TTI, unpublished data, 2016). Other studies have shown that minority and low-income children have lower restraint use than the general population (Istre et al. 2002; Macy et al. 2014).
Trends in child passenger safety practices in Indiana from 2009 to 2015
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2018
Joseph O'Neil, Marilyn J. Bull, Judith Talty
The reduction in motor-vehicle-related fatalities among infants and children is a public health victory. Since 1975 there has been a 71% reduction in motor vehicle fatalities among infants and a 54% reduction among children 1 to 4 years of age (Kahane 2015). These gains are the result of the combined efforts of the child passenger safety advocates, law enforcement, public safety, and medical communities. Proper usage has many continuing challenges, however. There are several important transitions for children between types of restraints and vehicle seating positions as a child ages, as well as use of top tethers for forward-facing car safety seats (CSS) that contribute to optimal protection. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants ride rear facing up to 2 years of age or to the CSS's manufacturer's weight and height limit (Durbin 2011). Despite this and manufacturers' recommendations to place an infant rear facing, many infants are forward facing earlier than recommended (Dunn et al. 2016; Greenwell 2015). NHTSA and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that children 4–7 years stay in a forward-facing car seat with a harness until they have outgrown the height or weight limit allowed by the car seat manufacturer. Once a child is too big to use a harness, they can travel in a belt-positioning booster. Booster seats position the child so that the lap–shoulder belt fits properly (Durbin 2011). Top tethers for forward-facing CSS reduce the tilting or rotation of the seat during a frontal crash, because they provide a second attachment of the seat to the vehicle, when used with a seat belt or lower anchors. Sled testing using forward-facing CSS clearly demonstrates that tethered seats, when correctly used, tend to reduce head excursion and acceleration values when compared to the same seat without the top tether attached (Weber 2000). Seating location plays a large factor in children surviving a motor vehicle crash. Durbin et al. (2005), using insurance claims records and telephone surveys, reported that children in the front-row seat were at a 40% increased risk of greater injury compared to children in the rear-row seat. Similarly, Smith and Cummings (2004), using the NHTSA Crashworthiness Data System, stated that the risk ratio for death and serious injury for all ages was 39% less for rear-row seated passengers compared to those in the front-row seat. This study reviews trends in rear-facing direction, top tether use, booster seat use, and seating position for children 12 years or younger among motor vehicle passengers in Indiana.