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Government Impact on Technology-Based Innovation
Published in Szycher Michael, Szycher’s Practical Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2018
The Air Force and DARPA initially funded these related technologies in the early 1950s. Dragon Systems commercialized a speech recognition program in the late 1990s, drawing on years of research and participation in DARPA’s SUR program. The popular iPhone speech recognition assistant dubbed “Siri” branched from the DARPA-funded CALO project in the late 2000s.
LIA: A Virtual Assistant that Can Be Taught New Commands by Speech
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2019
The idea of a virtual assistant that can be operated by natural language speech has long-lived in science fiction literature, such as HAL 9000 from “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968), the Ship’s computer in Star-Trek (1967), and The Brain from Escape! (1945). However, the first commercial virtual assistant did not emerge until 2011, when Apple came up with Siri (Bellegarda, 2014) that could perform some tasks by speech commands. Siri, was an offshoot from the CALO project starting in 2003 (Mark & Perrault, 2004) and is based on many years of research in the dialog system community (Wahlster & Kobsa, 1989). Soon later, additional virtual assistants have appeared, including Google Now and Google Assistant, Microsoft’s Cortana, and Amazon’s Echo. While some of these virtual assistants support APIs allowing developers to extend these virtual assistants’ capabilities, for the lame users these assistants are rigid and cannot be extended to supporting new tasks that they may require. This problem becomes more pronounced for commands that are very specific to a user, which developers may never support (due to the minimal deman