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Cold Sores/Herpes Simplex/Herpes Labialis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Cold Sore Ointments: Docosanol (Abreva) is an over-the-counter cream for cold sores that has been approved by the FDA to shorten the outbreak. Zilactin and Campho-Phenique are topical over-the-counter treatments that lessen discomfort during the outbreak.
Functional Properties of Milk Yam (Ipomoea Digitata L.)
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
K. M. Vidya, N. S. Sonia, P. C. Jessykutty
Viji and Paulsamy [117] found out a compound named ‘tetradecanal’ having antimicrobial activity from acetone extract of milk yam. The E-15-Heptadecenal and Octadecanoic acid are the other specific compounds in the extract capable of killing bacteria. The 1-Docosanol methyl ether identified from the acetone extract of milk yam tubers has the ability to inhibit in vitro replication of many lipid-enveloped viruses, including HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus).
Primary Herpes Simplex Gingivostomatitis and Recurrent Orolabial Infection
Published in Marie Studahl, Paola Cinque, Tomas Bergström, Herpes Simplex Viruses, 2017
Both topical and oral antiviral agents have been evaluated in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Topical acyclovir and pencyclovir cream treatment were modestly effective in reducing the duration of the lesion healing process (52–54). A variety of non-antiviral topical preparations are also available, but in most of the cases both the mechanism of action or efficacy were not profoundly studied. Docosanol cream was recently approved for use in the USA after trials that showed faster healing of lesions (55). Early treatment of herpes labialis with oral acyclovir or famcyclovir has marginal clinical value (56, 57).
Promising treatment strategies to combat Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections: an updated review
Published in Biofouling, 2020
P. S. Seethalakshmi, Riya Rajeev, George Seghal Kiran, Joseph Selvin
Recent studies have reported the presence of anti-biofilm compounds among the secondary metabolites of actinobacteria and fungi belonging to different environments. Roscetto et al. (2020) found that Sphaeropsidin A, a phytotoxin produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Diplodia corticola exhibited anti-biofilm activity without affecting the planktonic growth. Cytotoxic studies on human HaCat keratinocytes revealed decreased cell viability at MIC concentrations. The reduction in cytotoxicity was achieved upon a synergistic combination of Sphaeropsidin A with epi-epoformin, a secondary metabolite of Diplodia quercivora. Similarly, secondary metabolites of the endophytic actinobacterium Streptomyces californicus strain ADR1 isolated from the plant Datura metel, displayed anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus (Singh and Dubey 2020). The active component attributing to the anti-biofilm activity needs to be evaluated further to understand its true potential. Lakshmi et al. (2020) reported on the novel fatty alcohol, docosanol extracted from Streptomyces griseus TBG19NRA1 which dispersed biofilms and attenuated the virulence factors, the genes of the agr system and the transcriptional regulator sarA of MRSA.
The Beneficial Radioprotective Effect of Tomato Seed Oil Against Gamma Radiation–Induced Damage in Male Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Magda K. Ezz, Nashwa K. Ibrahim, Mahmoud M. Said, Mostafa A. Farrag
Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain linear fatty alcohols (n-alkanols), and among the detected policosanols in TSO are docosanol, which has an anti–herpes simplex virus activity; hexacosanol, which protects the kidney from diabetic nephropathy in rats; and octacosanol, which has cytoprotective effects (Giuffrè and Capocasale, 2015). TSO is also rich in two essential fatty acids (EFA), linoleic and linolenic acids, and therefore, the edible can be used as a dietary supplement in EFA-deficient diets (Giuffrè and Capocasale, 2016a). Furthermore, TSO was reported to be a potent antioxidant in THP-1 cells, reducing oxidant-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species production, modulating the redox-sensitive MAPK/NF-κβ pathway, and inhibiting expression of oxidative stress–induced proteins, including hsp70 and 90 (Müller et al., 2013).
Envelope proteins as antiviral drug target
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Jyoti Verma, Naidu Subbarao, Maitreyi S. Rajala
Using HIV gp41 as a target, a series of small-molecule HIV fusion and entry inhibitors have been identified such as ADS-J1, NB-2, NB-64, A12, GLS-22, SB-D10 and 5M038, targeting the hydrophobic pocket in grooves on the surface of the trimer at the fusion-intermediate state of gp41 [45]. The HIV entry inhibitor, ADS-J1 also interrupts the interactions between the HR1 and HR2 of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) inhibiting MERS-CoV pseudovirus infection [46]. A group of researchers from Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Centre identified that compound SSAA09E1 inhibits the viral entry by inhibiting cathepsin L processing of the SARS envelope spike (S) protein in the endosome and SSAA09E3 prevents fusion of the viral membrane with the host cellular membrane [39]. Other viruses; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Nipah virus (NiV); both belong to the family Paramyxoviridae having class I fusion proteins, fusion takes place at plasma membrane. The first RSV fusion inhibitor compound, BTA9881 was an imidazoisoindolone derivative which went through clinical trials, but it was terminated after Phase I results because of its unacceptable safety profile. Many RSV fusion protein inhibitors such as BTA-C585, RFI-641, BMS-433771 and VP-14637 were rejected in clinical trials because of their unfavourable properties. Several compounds with similar inhibitory activities are under development. TMC-353121, an improved pharmacokinetic version of JNJ-2408068 is in preclinical phase against RSV infection; GS-5806, AK-0529 and MDT-637 are other drugs undergoing clinical trials [47,48]. Based on the structural similarity of fusion proteins of Paramyxoviridae family members, a research group tested 18 quinolone derivatives in NiV and Measles virus envelope protein-based fusion assay. They identified set of compounds with relatively low cytotoxicity, targeting NiV F protein and inhibiting the fusion process [49]. Herpes simplex virus entry mechanism involving the fusion protein has not been explored much yet as a drug target. However, currently a drug Docosanol is the only marketed HSV-1 drug that inhibits viral fusion process with the membrane [50]. Association and fusion of viral envelope with host membrane plays a crucial role in successful entry of enveloped viruses into the host cell. However, studies on screening and validation of small molecule as inhibitors to target this step are limited although some studies have shown promising results.