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Medicinal Plants Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Binish Khaliq, Naila Ali, Ahmed Akrem, M. Yasin Ashraf, Arif Malik, Arifa Tahir, M. Zia-Ul-Haq
Crocin compound was isolated from C. sativus and have the remarkably antiviral activity. Crocin inhibit the replication of human coronavirus and reduced the symptoms of the disease in the infected people. C. sativus is medicinal herbs and is being used to treat the HIV and human coronavirus [99]. Nerium oleander is also herbal medicinal plants that have 11.25% digitoxigenin compound and its derivatives. These compounds and their derivatives have the anticancer and antiviral activity [100]. Lauris nobilis herbal plants contain the ß Eudesmol compounds in low quantity, i.e., 2.39%, but this compound has a very good potential to interact with the target and showed the antibacterial antiviral activity against the different bacterial and viral diseases [101]. Docking results of these three compounds with the Coronavirus main proteases inhibited the binding site of Coronavirus main protease and controlled the replication of Coronavirus main protease [102].
Effect of Elevated CO2 Conditions on Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Anuj Choudhary, Antul Kumar, Harmanjot Kaur, Mandeep Singh, Gurparsad Singh Suri, Gurleen Kaur, Sahil Mehta
As an example, when the medicinal plant Digitalis lanata faced elevated carbon dioxide, there was about a 3.5-fold rise in the production of cardenolide glycoside, digoxin (Rahimtoola 2004). Along with this, during the enhancement of digoxin, the other three glycosides – i.e. digitoxigenin, digitoxin, and digoxin-mono-digitoxoside – showed a slowdown in their production level (Rahimtoola 2004). So, there is a differential response of elevated carbon dioxide on the production of secondary metabolites. In addition, the period is also one of the important factors in determining the metabolic flux concerning plant secondary metabolites. An example is Hymenocallis littoralis; in this plant bulbs possess antiviral properties. Under elevated carbon dioxide conditions, in the first year, there is an increase in the levels of three alkaloids, i.e. ,7-deoxynarciclasine, 7-deoxy-trans dihydronarciclasin, and pancratistatin, whereas there is a decrease in alkaloid levels in subsequent years (Idso et al. 2000).
Effect of Transport in Distribution of Radioions and Radiolabeled Metabolites
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Principles of Radiopharmacology, 1979
Ion transport and ATP hydrolysis are closely coupled to conserve ATP energy. Hydrolysis of ATP does not occur unless Na+ and K+ are transported and Mg++ is present.23–26 The Na+ requirement is specific but Rb+, Cs+, and NH/can be substituted for K+.24 Thallium (Tl+) can be substituted for K+, since it accumulates in cells by the Na+-pump and as evidenced by the uptake of 201T1 in the myocardium.27,28 Cardiotonic steroids such as digitoxigenin and ouabain are specific inhibitors of the Na+ + K+ ATPase pump.23 The sodium pump is also involved in amino acid transport, which will be discussed in a later section of the chapter. Nutritional deficiency of K+ leads to elevated levels of cationic amino acids, such as arginine and lysine.
Foxglove poisoning: diagnostic and therapeutic differences with medicinal digitalis glycosides overdose
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Koen R. Maes, Pieter Depuydt, Joris Vermassen, Peter De Paepe, Walter Buylaert, Cathelijne Lyphout
Cardiac glycosides can be found in several plant leaves, flowers and seeds. These plants include but are not limited to foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), Digitalis lanata, lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), oleander (Nerium oleander), yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana), Strophanthus kombe, squill (Urginea maritima/sea onion/indica bulbs), dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum), and Adonis vernalisare [12]. It is important to realize that these plants contain not one but many different compounds with cardiac glycoside effects, such as digoxin, digitoxin, digitoxigenin and digoxigenin [13]. Many of these compounds have complex pharmacokinetic properties with entero-hepatic recirculation and biotransformation to active metabolites (including digoxin) and are eventually excreted by the kidneys. These characteristics result in a long plasma half-life of up to seven days [11]. The exact composition of these plants is known to be highly variable due to seasonal differences and genetic differences [13]. With regard to pharmacodynamics, the inotropic effects of different Digitalis purpurea leaf compounds have been compared by Lüllman et al. in animal studies, showing an almost equal inotropic dose-effect relationship for digoxin and digitoxin but other compounds such as digitoxigenin were shown to be even more potent. It is unknown whether these differences correlate with the risk of arrhythmias [14].
Cardiotonic steroids as potential Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors – a computational study
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2019
Chirag N. Patel, Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar, Krunal M. Modi, Mehul N. Soni, Nainesh R. Modi, Himanshu A. Pandya
The determination of optimal poses of CTS was performed by introspecting multiple dock poses of CTS in terms of lowest binding energy and interactions with key residues. Upon observation of these docked complexes, we found the dominance of hydrophobic and aromatic properties in the intermolecular interactions which were responsible for the binding hot-spots of selected CTS. The best docked pose of digoxigenin exhibited 11 van der Waals interactions, 2 hydrogen bonds, 1 carbon-hydrogen bond and 1 π-alkyl interactions with residues such as Ala 114, Asn 129, Leu 132, Ile 322, Phe 323, Gly 326, Ile 327, Ile 328, Val 329, Ala 330, Glu 786, Ile 787, Phe 790, Leu 800, Leu 802, Gly 803, Thr 804 and Ile 807 (Figure 3). Two hydrogen bonding have been observed between Ala 330 and Thr 804 with 3.59 and 4.07 Å respectively. Eight hydrophobic interactions were detected with Ile 16, Val 21, Phe 41, Ile 95, Tyr 158, Leu 197 and Ala 198 with distance of 3.7, 3.6, 3.3, 3.6, 4.0, 3.5, 3.8 and 3.9 Å respectively. Based on the docking experiments, we can conclude that digoxigenin as the potential phytochemical candidate for testing conditions of congestive heart failure and has been taken for further analysis. The remaining CTS in complex with Na+/K+-ATPase is shown in Figures S3–S7 along with their binding energy and contacting residues listed above. Cardiac glycosides including Digoxin, β-methyl digoxin, digoxigenin, digitoxigenin and digitoxin are validated to be the known inhibitors of Na+/K+-ATPase [48].