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Aegle marmelos (Bael) and Annona squamosa (Sugar Apple)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Abhidha Kohli, Taufeeq Ahmad, Sachidanand Singh
The aqueous extracts of A. marmelos leaves have shown significant cardioprotective effect as experimentally evident in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats (Ramachandra et al., 2012). Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxic mice were protected by the hydroalcoholic extract of bael (Jagetia and Venkatesh, 2015). Aurapten, a phytoconstituent of the bael fruit, imparts cardioprotective ability to A. marmelos (Jhajhria and Kumar, 2016). Periplogenin, a cardenolide phytochemical constituent of A. marmelos, is effective against doxorubicin-induced cardiac disorder and hepatotoxicity in rats (Panda and Kar, 2009).
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Convallatoxin (Figure 8.18) is a cardiac glycoside, as well as a cardenolide, was extracted from the plant Covallaria majalis. (Schneider et al., 2017). A glycoside is a compound in which a sugar derivative is chemically bonded with a non-sugar group whereas cardenolide is a plant-derived steroid (Schneider et al., 2017). Since heart is the major site of action of convallatoxin (cardiac glycoside), it is simply recognized as cardenolide glycoside (Hi et al., 2010). Convallatoxin has analogs but all are not equally potent in CVDs. Cardiac glycosides are normally used for congestive heart failure and for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation (Hi et al., 2010). These compounds also inhibit cancer cell replication. Convallotoxin demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in many tumor cells at nano molar concentrations in vitro, and showed a low toxicity for healthy cells.
The Influence of Environmental Pollution on Secondary Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Swati T. Gurme, Mahendra L. Ahire, Jaykumar J. Chavan, Pankaj S. Mundada
Medicinal plants respond to the altered levels of CO2 and show variable responses in terms of accumulation of secondary metabolites which are the basis of medicinal activity in plants (Mishra 2016). Digoxin is a cardenolide glycoside used in cardiac failure treatment (Rahimtoola 2004). An elevation in the level of digoxin was reported in Digitalis lanata under elevated CO2 concentrations. However, in a similar experiment the level of other glycosidic derivatives, namely digitoxin, digitoxigenin and digoxin-mono-digitoxoside, were reduced (Stuhlfauth and Fock 1990). Along with concentration, the duration of exposure to these gases is also a crucial factor in the regulation of the level of plant secondary metabolites. In a study carried out in Hymenocallis littoralis, a plant with antineoplastic and antiviral properties showed an increase in the concentration of three types of alkaloids, namely pancratistatin, 7-deoxynarciclasine, and 7-deoxy-trans dihydronarciclasin, in the first year, but this concentration was reduced in subsequent years (Idso et al. 2000). In Papaver setigerum, an elevation in the level of CO2 from 300 µmol mol−1 to 600 µmol mol−1 resulted in the elevation of four alkaloids, viz. morphine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine (Ziska et al. 2008). Similarly, in Hypericum perforatum, a neuroprotective plant showed elevation of phenolics in the presence of an excess of CO2 (Zobayed and Saxena 2004). Schonhof et al. (2007) reported elevation in the level of glucosinolate derivatives in Brassica oleracea var. italic Plenck at elevated levels of CO2. An increase in the level of tannins and phenolic compounds was reported in Zingiber officinale by Ghasemzadeh et al. (2010). A differential response in the accumulation of different terpenoids was observed in the case of Ginkgo biloba under excess of CO2 and O3. Around 15 per cent more accumulation of quercetin aglycon and reduction of kaempferol aglycon by 10 per cent was reported in studies carried out by Huang et al. (2010). By contrast, elevation in the level of almost all types of secondary metabolites was reported in Catharanthus roseus (Saravanan and Karthi 2014). An elevation in the level of CO2 from 400µmol mol−1 to 1,200 µmol mol−1 led to an increase in the content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in Elaeis guineensis (Ibrahim and Jaafar 2012).
The old world salsola as a source of valuable secondary metabolites endowed with diverse pharmacological activities: a review
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mai H. ElNaggar, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Fatma M. Abdel Bar
Steroids are a group of natural products biosynthesized from the isoprenoid pathway via the 2,3-oxidosqualene (C30) route. Cardenolides are cardioactive steroidal lactones with a 5-membered (furanones) or 6-membered (pyranone) ring at C-17. They are naturally present free or glycosylated with mono- or multi-sugar moieties. Several families are known for their high cardenolides content, such as Asclepidaceae, Apocynaceae, and others72. However, only one report on cardenolides from the Amaranthaceae family has been described. It addressed the isolation of five cardenolides, salsotetragonin 2.1, calactin 2.2, 12-dehydroxyghalakinoside 2.3, desglucouzarin 2.4, and uzarigenin 2.5 from the Algerian plant, Salsola tetragona Delile, Figure 350. Other reported steroids comprised several phytosterols with diversity in the alkyl side chains at C-17, including campesterol 2.6, cholesterol 2.7, and desmosterol 2.8 from S. collina73, β-sitosterol 2.9, stigmastanol 2.10, and stigmasterol 2.11, in addition to a combined phytosterol, stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 2.12 from the aerial parts of S. inermis51.
Cardiotonic steroids as potential Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors – a computational study
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2019
Chirag N. Patel, Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar, Krunal M. Modi, Mehul N. Soni, Nainesh R. Modi, Himanshu A. Pandya
Na+/K+-ATPase is a membrane-inserted enzyme which contains the single subunit of Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) or cardiotonic glycosides molecule [8–10]. The treatment of congestive heart failure is mediated by these compounds as positive inotropic agents [11]. For heart failure medication, various foxglove Digitalis plant phytochemicals were chosen in the initial studies [12,13]. A case study of cancer in 20th century suggested that the heart disease patients who utilized the CTS died reflectively [14]. The CTS have become the most popular anti-cancer agents for cancer treatments over the last 10 years. Flasch and Heinz has determined the effect of cardenolides and correlated its activity upon Na+/K+-ATPAse in papillary muscles of Guinea pig [15]. The metabolic transformation of various CTS compounds have been hypothesized as involvement of CTS into the evolution of cancer [16].
The use of terpenes and derivatives as a new perspective for cardiovascular disease treatment: a patent review (2008–2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Eric Aian P. Silva, Jéssica S. Carvalho, Adriana G. Guimarães, Rosana de S.S. Barreto, Márcio R.V. Santos, André S. Barreto, Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior
The cardiovascular effects of terpenes have even been demonstrated in coffee, which contains the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol among its constituents. Consumption of coffee was associated with lower death risk due to cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders [51,52]. Well-known medicines, such as Lanoxin® (terpenes and cardenolides of Digitalis lanata), which is used in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency and arrhythmias is originate from plants. Beneflax® (flaxseed of Linum usitatissimum L.), currently in clinical trial phase 2, seems to be a promising substance for the treatment of hypertension [41]. Other recent clinical trials are testing NP in the area of CVDs, such as treatment of vascular cognitive impairment using G. biloba [53] and efficiency of the treatment with Lippia citriodora and Hibiscus sabdariffa in arterial pressure [54]. Drugs developed from NP are used in the treatment of other pathological conditions such as cancer (paclitaxel), severe pain (morphine), and inflammation (Salonpas®), emphasizing the importance of terpenes and their derivatives as potential pharmacological products in the industry. In fact, about half of the medicines available today are derived from compounds isolated from plants [55].