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Anatomy of the Lower Face and Neck
Published in Neil S. Sadick, Illustrated Manual of Injectable Fillers, 2020
Evan Ransom, Stephen A. Goldstein
In contrast, treatment of the submental fat compartment frequently requires lipectomy or liposuction, though some excellent results with neurotoxins are possible and may delay the need for a surgical procedure. More recently, there has been US Food and Drug Administration approval for injection of deoxycholic acid into this area to induce lysis of adipocytes in this region.
Skin
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Zbigniew W. Wojcinski, Lydia Andrews-Jones, Daher Ibrahim Aibo, Rie Kikkawa, Robert Dunstan
Targeted subcutaneous fat reduction is an increasingly popular therapeutic target. Deoxycholic acid, (marketed as Kybella) is approved for reduction of submental fat (double chin), and other compounds are under investigation. Investigation of these compounds requires selection of animal models with measurable, consistent subcutaneous fat. Rodents have fat pads that can be collected by a skilled prosector and weighed. Pigs have a good layer of subcutaneous fat and fixed (nonmobile) skin similar to humans. For this reason, they make an ideal model to study subcutaneous fat reduction. The amount of subcutaneous fat can be measured by ultrasound at predetermined timepoints throughout the study. In one author’s experience, occasional young Göttingen strain pigs can have very little subcutaneous fat, so should be screened prior to study start.
Inhibiting the Absorption of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fats with Natural Products
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Anthocyanin-rich extract of Brassica oleracea L. (Figure 1.12) given orally to Charles Foster rats for 8 weeks at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day reduced plasma cholesterol from 216.7 to 92.1 mg/dL and triglycerides from 90.5 to 69.6 mg/dL, low density lipoproteins from 230.8 to 67.3 mg/dL, and very low-density lipoproteins from 18.1 to 13.2 mg/dL.58 This treatment increased triglyceride faeces from 5 to 12.3 mg/g, increased faeces cholesterol from 5.4 to 9 mg/g, and boosted the fecal excression of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid implying the inhibition of cholesterol and triglycerides intestinal absorption.58
pH-sensitive chitosan-deoxycholic acid/alginate nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Ya-Wen Zhang, Ling-Lan Tu, Zhan Tang, Qiao Wang, Gao-Li Zheng, Li-Na Yin
Chitosan (CS) is a biodegradable, biocompatible (Kean and Thanou 2010; Nagpal et al. 2010), and non-immunogenic natural polycationic polymer with mucoadhesive properties (Takeuchi et al. 2005; Thongborisute et al. 2006; Amidi et al. 2010). Chitosan has been shown to prolong drug-resident time in the GI tract (Luessen et al. 1996) and enhance intestinal absorption by opening tight junctions between epithelial cells (Artursson et al. 1994; Schipper et al. 1997). Besides, CS nanoparticles can be prepared in a mild aqueous medium, thereby ensuring their stability during the encapsulation of environmentally sensitive peptides/proteins (Amidi et al. 2010; Kean and Thanou 2010). However, insulin-entrapped chitosan nanoparticles are pH-responsive, therefore they rapidly dissociate in the acidic gastric environment. This characteristic limits the biomedical applications of CS, so it is necessary to modify chitosan to improve the stability of nanoparticles. Deoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid that can improve oral bioavailability by promoting intestinal epithelial absorption (Samstein et al. 2008; Chaturvedi et al. 2015), which has been shown to be the primary limitation for oral insulin (Park et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2005; Lakkireddy et al. 2016). In this study, CS modified with deoxycholic acid (DCA) was synthesized and used as a nanocarrier to load the model protein drug insulin.
Proteomic characterisation of drug metabolising enzymes and drug transporters in pig liver
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Yasmine Elmorsi, Hajar Al Feteisi, Zubida M. Al-Majdoub, Jill Barber, Amin Rostami-Hodjegan, Brahim Achour
The same procedure as FASP was followed with some modifications; filter units and collection tubes were passivated overnight in 5% (v/v) Tween® 20 on a shaker before being rinsed and washed twice in MS-grade water for 30 min. 50 µg of microsomal protein was mixed with 1 M dithiothreitol in 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate and incubated at 56 °C for 40 min. The protein solution was mixed with 8 M urea and 0.2% deoxycholic acid in 100 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH 8.0, and transferred to the passivated filter units and centrifuged at 14000 g for 10 min. Successive solubilisation and alkylation were performed using 0.2% deoxycholic acid and 50 mM iodoacetamide, respectively, before filters were transferred to passivated collection tubes for sequential digestion by Lys-C and trypsin as described for FASP. Deoxycholic acid was removed at the end of the protocol by phase transfer using ethyl acetate and trifluroacetic acid as a white, visible precipitate. Tubes were then filled with ethyl acetate, sonicated and centrifuged and the upper organic layer was discarded. After repeating the previous step 3–5 times, tubes were incubated for 5 min in a thermo-mixer at 60 °C to remove ethyl acetate before the samples were concentrated in a vacuum centrifuge (Erde et al., 2014).
The ‘in vivo lifestyle’ of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria: comparative genomics, metatranscriptomic, and bile acid metabolomics analysis of a defined microbial community in gnotobiotic mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Jason M. Ridlon, Saravanan Devendran, João Mp Alves, Heidi Doden, Patricia G. Wolf, Gabriel V. Pereira, Lindsey Ly, Alyssa Volland, Hajime Takei, Hiroshi Nittono, Tsuyoshi Murai, Takao Kurosawa, George E. Chlipala, Stefan J. Green, Alvaro G. Hernandez, Christopher J. Fields, Christy L. Wright, Genta Kakiyama, Isaac Cann, Purna Kashyap, Vance McCracken, H. Rex Gaskins
NAD(H) is an essential cofactor in enzyme reactions catalyzed by BaiA,44,45 BaiCD/BaiH,42 and presumably, by the three reductive steps in the pathway (3-dehydro-4,6-DCA~CoA → 3-dehydro-4-DCA~CoA → 3-dehydro-DCA~CoA → DCA~CoA), therefore upregulation of pyridine nucleotide synthesis in the presence of bile acids may be expected. Two putative kynurenine formamidases (LAJLEIBI_00016 and LAJLEIBI_02677) involved in the conversion of tryptophan to NAD(H) were up-regulated 1.37 log2FC (P =.02) and 1.32 log2FC (P =.04), respectively, by CA. A kynureninase (LAJLEIBI_01991) was also up-regulated by CA 0.96 log2FC (P = 8.6E-05; FDR = 6.4E-03), as was 2,5-dihydroxypyridine-5,6-dioxygenase (LAJLEIBI_03152; 0.80 log2FC; P =.02 (Figure 5(a)). In C. hylemonae, DCA addition resulted in far lower expression of bai genes. The baiE gene was expressed 3.2 log2FC by DCA vs. 10.46 log2FC by CA (P = 5.88E-81; FDR = 3.0E-78). Deoxycholic acid induced a number of stress-response genes (Table S3). C. perfringens was previously shown to express genes involved in early-to-late sporulation and to form endospores in the presence of DCA.46