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Biomacromolecules from Marine Organisms and Their Biomedical Application
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Pitchiah Sivaperumal, Kannan Kamala, Ganapathy Dhanraj
Moreover, the research on new natural sulfated polysaccharides with significant antithrombotic and anticoagulant action is an attractive alternative for the traditional heparin usage in medicine. There are many reports of other sulfated compounds from marine origins, such as heparin and fucans, also investigated (Brito et al., 2014; McLellan and Jurd 1992; Pavao et al., 1995). Venkata Rao and Sri Ramana (1991) reported structural studies of polysaccharide of the green seaweed Chaetomorpha anteninna of Indian waters. Antiviral polysaccharides have been reported from the red seaweed Gracilaria corticate, as well as brown seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum of Indian waters (Adhikari et al., 2005). Fucoidan is a polysaccharide derived from Fucus vesiculosus, which is composed of L-fucose, at 44%, and sulfate with a linear backbone, at 26%. Fucoidan is well known for the treatment of atherosclerosis (Wang et al., 2010). Similarly, laminarian polysaccharides consist of D-glucopyranose with a length of 20–25 disaccharides (Nelson et al., 1974). Generally, ulvan is extracted from the green algae Ulva lactuca and U. pertusa (Qi et al., 2012). Seaweed polysaccharides, including the sulfated ones, have been extensively reported to be exhibiting various bioactivities, for example, antiviral and anticoagulant properties (Siddhanta and Sai Krishnamurthy, 2001). Partially reduced sulphated alginic acid was reported to exhibit antithrombic activity (Shanmugam and Mody, 2000).
Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
In C3H10T1/2 cells, luteolin promotes osteogenic differentiation and in 3T3-L1 cells, it inhibits adipogenic differentiation. These effects are mediated by heat shock protein, Dnajb1 (DnaJ Hsp40) (Kwon et al., 2016). In human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, Saos2, luteolin, and its 8-C-glucopyranose analog orientin increased mineral content upon the induction of differentiation in the presence of β-glycerophosphate. At >10 μM, luteolin decreased the mineral content likely due to a pro-oxidant impact. At 50 μM, luteolin had a cytotoxic effect on osteoblasts as assessed by LDH release. Both luteolin and orientin inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6) from osteoblasts as well as sclerostin. Suppression of sclerostin by luteolin is likely to promote the osteogenic Wnt signaling (Nash et al., 2015). Furthermore, luteolin protected MC3T3-E1 cells against oxidative damage caused by H2O2 and menadione (Fatokun et al., 2015). From these reports, it appears that luteolin promotes osteoblast function and inhibits osteoclast function.
Microbial Pathways of Lipid A Biosynthesis
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Paul D. Rick, Christian R. H. Raetz
The investigations cited above are important from the standpoint that they provided the first data in support of the conclusion that synthesis of a complete Kdo-lipid A is indeed essential for normal cell growth and physiology. They also provided the first evidence that Kdo is incorporated into lipid A prior to the complete incorporation of fatty acyl substituents. Neverthe-less, these studies provided very little information about the individual steps involved in lipid A synthesis. However, shortly after the initial description of the acidic lipid A precursor, Nishijima and Raetz (3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate) and 2-deoxy-2-[(R)-3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanamido]-3-O-[(R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α- D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (3-triacylglucosamine 1-phosphate), respectively (23,44) (Fig. 4). As discussed below, lipid X is an early intermediate in the pathway of lipid A biosynthesis, and the isolation and characterization of lipid X proved to be of pivotal importance in the eventual elucidation of the steps involved in this pathway.
The old world salsola as a source of valuable secondary metabolites endowed with diverse pharmacological activities: a review
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mai H. ElNaggar, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Fatma M. Abdel Bar
Several miscellaneous glycosides with both phenolic and isoprenoid aglycones were reported from several plants of the genus Salsola. The glycone part in most cases is either glucose or β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranose. The phenolic glycosides, benzyl 6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 9.1, biophenol 2 9.2, cuneataside C 9.9, and 2–(3,4-dihydroxy)-phenyl-ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 9.10 were isolated from the aerial parts of S. komarovii89. The cyanogenic glycosides, taxiphyllin 9.17 and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 9.18 were reported in the aerial parts of S. tetrandra53. Whereas the isoprenoid glycosides comprised the acyclic monoterpene, 9-hydroxylinaloyl glucoside 9.11 from S. tetrandra53, in addition to several ionone derivatives with different unsaturation and oxidation status, such as roseoside A 9.4 and blumenyl B β-D-glucopyranoside 9.5 from S. komarovii89 and the epoxy derivatives icariside B2 9.12 and lyohebecarpin A 9.14 from S. komarovii and S. tetrandra, respectively53,89 were reported, Table 2 and Figure 10.
Can early intervention with pharmacotherapy reduce the morbidity and mortality of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Shuo Ma, Leonidas C. Platanias
Several small phase 2 studies have explored chemotherapy-free approaches using monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy as early intervention for high risk asymptomatic CLL patients. The Mayo Clinic reported a phase 2 early treatment study in high risk CLL using of alemtuzumab and rituximab combination. Thirty previously untreated asymptomatic CLL patients with at least one high risk marker (17p13-, 11q22-, or a combination of unmutated IgVH and CD38+/ZAP70+) were included in the study. Treatment consisted of 4 weeks of subcutaneous alemtuzumab (initial dose escalation followed by 30 mg on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 4 weeks) and intravenous rituximab (375 mg/m2 per week). The ORR was 90% and CR 37%. The median response duration was 14.4 months (median follow-up, 17.6 months) [12]. A subsequent study by the same group tested Early treatment of high risk CLL with alemtuzumab, rituximab and poly-(1–6)-beta-glucotriosyl-(1–3)-beta-glucopyranose beta-glucan in a phase I/II study with 20 patients included. The ORR was 95% and CR 65% [13]. The MD Anderson Cancer Center reported rituximab early intervention for asymptomatic Rai stage 0-II CLL patients to assess response, time-to-progression (TTP), and OS. Standard-dose rituximab (375 mg/m2) intravenously weekly for 8 consecutive weeks was given in 34 asymptomatic untreated early stage CLL with beta2-MG level ≥2 mg/dL. The ORR was 82% (CR 9%). The median time-to-progression (TTP) in the 28 responders was 23 months, and the median time to subsequent treatment was 43 months. The 8-year OS rate was 74% (median follow-up, 102 months) [14].
SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes: a patent review (2013-2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Jyotsana Pandey, Akhilesh K Tamrakar
The invention by Li et al. [101] had been related to an oxa-thia-bicyclo [3.2.1]octane derivative (Figure 3(c)). They described the method of its preparation and its hydrate, solvate, a stereoisomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, eutectic mixture, prodrug, and a drug combination containing the derivative, and pharmaceutical use in preparation of a SGLT inhibitor. Gu et al. [102] disclosed glucopyranose-based derivative as SGLT inhibitor. They have especially proposed 6, 8-dioxobicyclo [3.2.1]octane derivative (Figure 3(d)) and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers and pharmaceutical composition containing the derivative for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related disease.