China
Africa
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Prostate cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Jurgen J Fütterer, Fillip Kossov, Henkjan Huisman
Diffusion-weighted imaging provides image contrast through measurement of the diffusion properties of random thermal (Brownian) motion of water molecules. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), a quantitative parameter measured for DWI, has been shown to be useful for differentiation of abdominal tumours (68–70). The peripheral zone can in most cases easily be discriminated from the transition zone on DWI (Figure 17.12), as it will display relative high signal intensity (71). Several studies demonstrated that DWI is useful for the detection of prostate cancer with lower ADC values than those of non-cancerous tissue (71–73). Prostatitis can be differentiated from healthy tissue and from low-risk prostate cancer (74). Furthermore, the addition of DWI to T2WI improves the accuracy of detecting intermediate or high-risk prostate cancers (75). However, much overlap exists between ADCs of low-grade tumours and those of high-grade tumours (75). The tumour detection accuracy with DWI alone in prostate cancer patients varies with sensitivities of 54%–94% and specificities of 61%–100% (71,75,76).
Sonography in Male Infertility
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Chronic prostatitis is marked by unusual sonographic findings. The prostate is filled with the hyperechoic areas, and exacerbation of inflammation is seen as the reappearance of small hypoechogenic areas. Such a sonographic picture denotes chronic suppurative prostatitis, and if it is caused by coliform bacteria, then it may result in decreased sperm motility. Chronic prostatitis and prostatic cancer are often indistinguishable on the basis of sonographic examination alone.2,6
Sexually Transmitted Infection and Male Infertility
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Kareim Khalafalla, Haitham Elbardisi, Mohamed Arafa
Prostatitis is known to cause infertility whether associated with leukocytospermia or not. This could be attributed to the increased oxidative stress due to inflammation. Chronic prostatitis is common with several STD pathogens increasing the risk of infertility. This may be due to disturbance of accessory gland secretions with disturbed seminal microenvironment. Chronic prostatitis and scarring may lead to partial or complete ejaculatory duct obstruction [15,16]. In these cases, the semen parameters of patients are characteristic showing low semen volume, acidic pH, azoospermia, and negative fructose in semen.
Safety considerations with new antibacterial approaches for chronic bacterial prostatitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Gianpaolo Perletti, Alberto Trinchieri, Konstantinos Stamatiou, Vittorio Magri
2 – Reports describing therapy for CBP with some of the drugs reviewed in this article are scant in some cases. Whereas antibiotics like aminoglycosides and macrolides are recommended by international guidelines (e.g. the European Association of Urology Guidelines [22]), the evidence concerning other antibacterial agents is often anecdotal and restricted to case reports or small case series. Thus, readers should be warned of the limited published evidence concerning some of the drugs listed above. This also shows that the management of chronic prostatitis is a challenging task for clinicians, and antibiotic selection must be adapted as much as possible to current recommendations. Adequately powered comparative studies, preferably in a randomized setting, are urgently needed. In our opinion, priority should be given to studies focusing on CBP caused (i) by Gram-positive pathogens, whose prevalence is increasing in some geographic areas, and (ii) by multidrug-resistant/carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Unfortunately, the antibiotic pipeline is drying out due to the lack of interest of multinational pharmaceutical companies. Spontaneous research triggered by scientific interest and in the interest of patients will therefore be highly meritorious.
IL-6/STAT3 pathway is involved in the regulation of autophagy in chronic non-bacterial prostatitis cells, and may be affected by the NLRP3 inflammasome
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Lidong Chen, Hui Wang, Shengdong Ge, Sheng Tai
Chronic Prostatitis (CP) is a common disease in urology, characterized by high incidence, low cure rate and easy recurrence.1–3 A large and multicenter epidemiological study in China showed that the incidence of prostatitis like symptoms in men was 8.4%.3 Patients with chronic prostatitis are mainly manifested as lower abdominal discomfort, pain, perineal discomfort, scrotal moisture, urination discomfort and other related symptoms. Chronic prostatitis is often associated with male sexual dysfunction, which seriously affects the patient’s sound mind and living quality.1,2 Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is the most common pathological type of chronic prostatitis, and it is also a difficult type of clinical prostatitis.4,5 At present, the research on the pathogenesis of CNP is not quite clear, leading to poor clinical treatment effect of CNP, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients and brings serious psychological impact to patients. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to further study and explore the pathogenesis of CNP, provide new theoretical basis and strategies for the treatment and prevention of CNP.
Anti-tumor effect of M2000 (β-d -mannuronic acid) on the expression of inflammatory molecules in the prostate cancer cell
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Monireh Mohsenzadegan, Fatemeh Moghbeli, Abbas Mirshafiey, Mohammad M. Farajollahi
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of the activated B cells (NF-kB) is considered as an important inflammatory transcriptional factor, contributing to both the development and progression of cancers. Activation of NF-kB signaling in PCa cells is associated with cancer progression, resistance to chemotherapy, biochemical recurrence (the increased PSA), metastatic progression, and growth of PCa cells in bone [14]. Myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MYD-88) is known as one of the major protein adapters in signaling pathways of the NF-kB after the engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to produce inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [15]. Of note, IL-8 is a cytokine that mediates its function through binding to chemokine receptors, including CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 [16]. Moreover, it is a considerable marker in prostatitis. The secretion of IL-8 from normal prostate epithelial cells under laboratory condition was found to be strongly associated with cancer invasion that drives tumorigenesis of PCa [17].