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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Normally, only a very small amount of protein (<0.1 g/24 hours) is excreted in the urine but with renal damage, especially to the glomeruli, this can increase substantially. This can be quantified by measuring the amount of protein in a 24-hour urine collection, but it is more convenient to assess the ratio of protein : creatinine in a single, random urine sample. Albumin can be measured accurately and albumin : creatinine ratios are widely used to assess for kidney damage. Microalbuminuria is the excretion of very low levels of albumin in the urine and is a sensitive test for renal damage.
Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Albumin in the urine (microalbuminuria) is one of the earliest abnormalities in the vascular system and kidney that reflects endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular permeability. Microalbuminuria has a high correlation with progression to more proteinuria, renal disease, CHD, MI, heart failure, and stroke. A single urine sample with a blood creatinine can measure an important lab called the albumin creatinine ratio (ACR). An increased ACR predicts a linear relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction and CHD. There is a linear relationship of ACR starting at 5 mg/gm. There are many BP drugs that can improve both CKD and microalbuminuria, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). In addition, omega-3 FA and R lipoic acid may reduce microalbuminuria.
Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Obese diabetic children commonly develop fatty liver, which may progress to cirrhosis. Other complications in obese children may include cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and pseudotumor cerebri. Many patients have a history of asthma and/or sleep apnea, which results from upper airway obstruction (possibly from fat deposition in pharyngeal tissues) and/or decreased residual lung volume (caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure). Menstrual irregularity and mild hirsutism are common in adolescent girls, many of whom may have polycystic ovary syndrome. Microalbuminuria may be detected within a short time after diagnosis, particularly in obese hypertensive adolescents.
Effect of S-allylcysteine against diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of MEK1/2-ERK1/2-RSK2 signalling pathway in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
V. V. Sathibabu Uddandrao, Brahmanaidu Parim, Ravindarnaik Ramavat, Suresh Pothani, S. Vadivukkarasi, Ponmurugan P, Chandrasekaran P, Saravanan Ganapathy
Albuminuria is a very much archived mediator of deprived renal outcomes in patients with T2DM and in crucial hypertension. A few datasets have affirmed that microalbuminuria is an effective risk factor for the development of progressive kidney damage. It undermines the possibility improvement of clear proteinuria, bending over of ESRD and decease (Basi et al. 2008). It is widely recognised that the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms that strengthen the role of albuminuria in DN include the incident of structural irregularities such as mesangial matrix expansion, globular membrane thickening and morphologic alterations in podocytes (Wolf and Ziyadeh 2007). Lagies et al. (2019) reported that the extreme accumulation of albumin concentration directed to an additional momentous increase of the polyol-pathway intermediates, whereas glucose-6-phosphate is slightly reduced. This recommends that the albumin uptake could endorse enhanced polyol-pathway establishment under hyperglycaemia state. Likewise, our past investigation revealed that SAC can essentially forestalls difficulties of diabetes by diminishing the flood of glucose in the polyol-pathway, along these lines lifting the GSH level and lessening the exercises of AR and SDH (Brahmanaidu et al. 2016). On the other hand, STZ-NAD administration caused the albuminurea in DN rats and SAC notably reduced the albuminuria and this might be due to the reduction of the polyol-pathway intermediates by SAC.
Modulation of cardiometabolic risk and CardioRenal syndrome by oral vitamin D3 supplementation in Black and White Southern Sahara residents with chronic kidney disease Stage 3: focus on racial and ethnic disparities
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Asma Bouazza, Amina Tahar, Samir AitAbderrhmane, Messaoud Saidani, Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
All participants were admitted to the hospital at 7 am after 12 h of fasting before medication. Blood samples from participants were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Serum or plasma samples were immediately put on ice and kept frozen at −80 °C until analyses were performed. Fasting glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), phosphorus, calcium, uric acid, urea, albumin, and total proteins were determined by enzymatic methods using an automatic biochemical analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France). Microalbuminuria was assessed by immunoturbidimetry. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald’s formula applied to subjects with CMet. Plasma sodium, potassium, and phosphorus levels were measured by flame photometry method. Plasma hCys were determined by Fluorescence Polarization Immuno-Assays (FPIA). Plasma insulin was measured using a double-antibody solid phase radioimmunoassay. Plasma total intact PTH was measured by an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay run. Based on the KDIGO recommendations [32]; Hyper-parathyroidism was defined as PTH >65 pg/mL or >6.89 pmol/L. Plasma Aldosterone levels, Plasma Angiotensin II levels and Plasma Renin activity were determined by ELISA assay kit (Isbio, Seattle, WA). Plasma NT-proBNP levels and hs-cTnT were measured with a sandwich chemiluminescence immunoassay (Modular Analytics E170 Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France).
Proteinuria in a high-altitude 161-km (100-mile) ultramarathon
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2021
Morteza Khodaee, Anahita Saeedi, Bjørn Irion, Jack Spittler, Martin D. Hoffman
The physical demands of an ultramarathon place several organ systems at risk for harm. Among those is the renal system, which appears especially susceptible due to the extent of muscle damage [14,22], potential for reductions in intravascular volume [6,23], and frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by participants [14,24–28]. In fact, acute kidney injury is an occasional complication associated with endurance sports participation [14]. In this work, we demonstrate that a ‘normal’ UDA was not very common following a 161-km ultramarathon amongst this group of average performance level finishers. Urine protein was at ‘1+’ or higher concentrations among 30% of runners with post-race urine samples (n = 70). Such a finding could be consistent with a diagnosis of microalbuminuria under normal circumstances.