China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Prevention and Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
The methods to be utilized clearly must be determined by the species and habits of the rodents concerned, seasonal fluctuations in population density, and the interrelationship between the animal and the virus. For example, the arenaviruses tend to be excreted especially into the urine and this continues for life. The reservoir host of Lassa fever, Mastomys coucha (formerly known as M. natalensis3), almost invariably urinates when frightened.4 Any control measure which frightens the animal, such as trapping, therefore has the potential to promote rather than discourage virus transmission. Rodenticides may be preferred, taking due cognizance of patterns of behavior, such as feeding, breeding, and nesting habits, as well as home range and reproductive capacity of the locally prevailing species. Wild rodents which tend to shun human habitation are, because of their wide dispersion, less amenable to control than domestic or semidomestic species which are associated with the human habitat. However, greater care needs to be taken with the choice of rodenticide in order to avoid harm to children, dogs, poultry, and livestock. Zinc phosphide, a reliable acute poison, has been widely used. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid in powder form or with carbon monoxide is especially useful for burrowing rodents, but the potential dangers require it to be practiced by trained and experienced personnel.5
Metallic poisons *
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
The pathologic findings in white phosphorus poisoning are jaundice, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver and kidneys, and hemorrhages, congestion, and erosion of the gastrointestinal tract. Pathologic findings from phosphine inhalation are pulmonary hyperemia and edema and focal myocardial necrosis. Zinc phosphide ingestion causes both fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver and pulmonary hyperemia and edema.
Refractory cardiogenic shock caused by zinc phosphide toxicity
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Nitish Mittal, Mohamed Elmassry, Mostafa Abohelwa
Metal phosphides, such as zinc phosphide and aluminum phosphide, are among the most potent rodenticides. Zinc phosphide is used by farmers worldwide. Upon ingestion, zinc phosphide reacts with stomach acid to form phosphine gas, a lethal compound that gets absorbed into the bloodstream quickly.1 The phosphine mainly targets cells in the heart, liver, and lungs and stops the cells from producing energy, leading to their death. The phosphine gas inhibits the oxidative phosphorylation within the cells of the heart, leading to myocardial stunning. Death usually occurs from cardiac arrhythmias and refractory cardiogenic shock. Zinc phosphide poisoning is a growing concern worldwide, especially in Asian communities. A retrospective study in Tehran, Iran, reported 102 patients with zinc phosphide poisoning admitted at a single referral center over the course of 3 years.2 Moreover, metal phosphide poisoning is a prevalent form of suicide in rural areas of Northern India.3 Previous reports have highlighted the radio-opaque nature of the substance along with cardiac, pulmonary, and abdominal imaging.2 Here, we present a 20-year-old man with refractory cardiogenic shock due to zinc phosphide ingestion.
Childhood accidental poisoning in western Iraq: Pattern and risk factors
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Zaid R. Al-Ani, Sahar J. Al-Hiali, Riyadh H. Al-Janabi
Three cases of rodenticide poisoning were recorded in this study. Some rodenticides are sold as pinkish particles like mashed meat containing warfarin that kills the rats by causing internal bleeding. Poisoning occurs when the young child accidentally ingest the substance. In this study, one of the three rodenticide poisoning cases developed hematuria in the hospital and improved after receiving a parenteral vitamin K as an antidote. The warfarin-containing rodenticides composed only 4.2% of the rodenticide poisoning cases that were referred to the PCC from Baghdad in 2013 while that containing Zinc Phosphide composed about 42% of these referred cases. Zinc phosphide is a dark gray powder mixed with food to form a bait or sold as a ready bait paste to be used as a rodenticide. It kills the rodents by the production of the highly toxic phosphine gas in the stomach through its acidic medium. AP in children or suicide poisoning in adults leads to the absorption of the phosphine gas to the blood circulation. No antidote is available and the mortality may reach 37–100%.30
Exploring research gaps and trends in the management of acute phosphide poisoning: a systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Zahraa Khalifa Sobh, Marwa Kholief, Eman Khalifa Sobh, Manal Ibrahim Fathy Balah
Zinc phosphide is highly toxic (oral LD50: 40.5 mg/kg). It is a slow-acting rodenticide compared with AlP. It is formulated as gray to black bait pellets, granules, dust, and tracking powders. The fatal dose for adults is 4–5 g, although survivors have also been reported after consuming 25–50 g. According to reports, 80 mg/kg is the lowest oral fatal dose for humans (Tomlin 1994; Krieger 2001; Bumbrah et al. 2012).