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Crime Scene Investigation
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Guy N. Rutty, Frances E. Hollingbury
Water-going vehicles can attract a similar variety of asphyxia deaths to road-going vehicles. One more specialized example that can pose a risk to the investigating team is when a death occurs on a container ship. As in grain silos, individuals who have descended to the bottom of a large container may find themselves at risk of asphyxia from a vitiated atmosphere. In such cases it is extremely important to remember that those climbing down into the oxygen-depleted atmosphere to retrieve the individual are also at risk. In addition, phosphine is a commonly used fumigant of cargo holds. It is the responsibility of the ship's master to ensure that the crew is not exposed to the fumigant and there are no stowaways in the area prior to and during use, but it is worth remembering that such chemicals may be encountered if responding to such a scene.
Rodenticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
White (elemental) phosphorus is a white or colorless, spontaneously flammable, highly toxic solid. It readily combines with oxidizing agents to form explosive mixtures. It is used in inorganic analytical chemistry and as a rodenticide. Its practical commercial application allows it to be spread on food (especially cheese) to attract mice and rats. Red phosphorus is a less toxic and less reactive but flammable compound, yet its fumes are highly irritating on ignition. Red P is used to make safety matches and smoke bombs (for law enforcement) and as a reactant for the manufacturing of pyrotechnic substances, fertilizers, P halides, and rodenticides. Phosphine is a flammable, highly toxic colorless gas with a characteristic fishy odor. It is used as a fumigant rodenticide and insecticide and in the production of electronic components.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Inhaled phosphine gas (PH3, a grain fumigant) and ingested metal phosphides cause pulmonary edema, CNS depression, toxic myocarditis, and circulatory collapse. Victims who survive these immediate reactions suffer liver injury (fatty degeneration and necrosis) and acute renal tubular necrosis. Unlike its analog arsine, phosphine is not hemolytic. Enzymatic mechanisms of toxicity are not known. Ingested metal phosphide (from which phosphine is generated) causes intense GI irritation followed by degenerative and necrotizing lesions of the liver, kidney, and heart. Death is often due either to cariogenic shock or pulmonary edema.
Refractory cardiogenic shock caused by zinc phosphide toxicity
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Nitish Mittal, Mohamed Elmassry, Mostafa Abohelwa
Phosphine toxicity can impact the cardiovascular system in varied ways. Circulatory system collapse is frequently observed and leads to refractory hypotension and cardiogenic shock.6 Kalra et al reported in a study of 25 patients that phosphine causes decreased cardiac output, inadequate vasoconstriction, and increased systemic venous pressure.7 Moreover, the histological changes in the cardiac tissue include myocardial edema, fiber fragmentation, vacuolization of myocytes, and focal necrosis in certain cases.8 Interestingly, in some patients, dysrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, bundle branch blocks, and other supraventricular tachycardias, are observed after exposure to phosphide.9 In addition, ST-segment changes, similar to myocardial infarction, are observed in some patients. Thus, phosphide impacts the cardiovascular system significantly. Some less common features include hepatotoxicity, intravascular hemolysis with methemoglobinemia, and renal failure.1
Modification of the hemodynamic and molecular features of phosphine, a potent mitochondrial toxicant in the heart, by cannabidiol
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Mohammad Reza Hooshangi Shayesteh, Hamed Haghi-Aminjan, Maryam Baeeri, Mahban Rahimifard, Shokoufeh Hassani, Mehdi Gholami, Saeideh Momtaz, Seyed Alireza Salami, Maryam Armandeh, Behnaz Bameri, Mahedeh Samadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Seyed Nasser Ostad, Mohammad Abdollahi
Pesticide poisoning causes thousands of deaths every year worldwide, among which the risk of death with aluminum phosphide (AlP) is very high. According to statistics, acute poisoning with AlP leads to death in 70% of cases (Mehrpour et al. 2012). Inappropriate antidotes and lack of certainty regarding its mechanism of action might explain the high mortality rate (Mostafazadeh 2012). When AlP exposure to moisture or stomach acid, it releases highly toxic phosphine gas (Bameri et al. 2021). AlP has been widely used to control insects and pests of grain storage and other products (Nath et al. 2011). Phosphine has unique features such as ease of usage, high efficiency, no replacement of hazardous residues, and relatively low price, making it a proper choice for pest control in cereals and other crops (Armandeh et al. 2021; Samadi et al. 2021a).
Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oils and various extracts of two Thymus species: Thymus cariensis and Thymus cilicicus
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Selçuk Küçükaydın, Gülsen Tel-Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Memiş Kesdek, Mehmet Öztürk
Based on increasing the world population rapidly, scientists have focused on the rising of food production and crop loss caused by agricultural pests in recent years (Kordali et al.2007). Rhizopertha dominica and Callosobruchus maculatus are the most common storage pests, which cause qualitative and quantitative damage to stored grain products such as contamination, loss of grain weight, quality, nutritional value, germination ability as well as an economic loss (Usha Rani 2012, Moazeni et al.2014). Phosphine and methyl bromide fumigants have been used for many years to control stored pests (Usha Rani 2012). Nevertheless, methyl bromide has been determined as a major contributor to ozone depletion, and there have been findings that some insects have developed resistance to phosphine (Montzka et al.2011). Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say known as Colorado potato beetle is the most destroying pest of potatoes, eggplants, and tomatoes all over the world (Kesdek et al.2015). Synthetic insecticides are commonly used in the fight against Colorado potato beetle, but intensive insecticide applications lead to the problem of residual toxicity in plants.