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Conjugation of Polymers with Biomolecules and Polymeric Vaccine Development Technologies
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Some metals are known for their toxicity in biological systems. How to avoid toxic metals in the environment is a critical problem in making biomaterials containing metal, but besides this toxicity, there are many benefits (Yan et al. 2016).
Neurofeedback in an Integrative Medical Practice
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Avoidance of exposure to environmental toxins from physical and chemical agents is essential to good brain health. These include pesticides, toxic metals, solvents, and toxic gases. Many toxins are ubiquitous in everyday life, like food additives, household cleaners, nail polish and remover, automobile exhaust, building materials, and home furnishings.54 Many people have concerns about exposure to electromagnetic fields such as those generated by household devices. Research to prove the safety of common devices, like cellular phones, is ongoing.55
Mercury Pollution and Its Impact on Human Health: The Minamata Case
Published in Stefania Negri, Environmental Health in International and EU Law, 2019
The adoption of the Minamata Convention represented a decisive step forward in global efforts to prevent and control the dangers and public health risks caused by exposure to mercury and its organic compounds, such as methylmercury. Nowadays, it is acknowledged that problems stemming from exposure to this toxic metal must be addressed from both the environmental and health perspectives. Moreover, considering that the release of mercury in its organic forms can penetrate the food chain and bioaccumulate, especially in fish products, the work carried out by WHO, FAO and EFSA in the field of standard setting for food safety is of the utmost importance.
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fillet tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): a systematic review, meta-analysis and risk assessment study
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Yadolah Fakhri, Babak Djahed, Ali Toolabi, Amir Raoofi, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Hadi Eslami, Mahmoud Taghavi, Mohammad reza Alipour, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Pb naturally exists in Earth’s crust, soils, plants, and water resources at trace levels (Kushwaha et al. 2018). Major anthropogenic sources of Pb are mining activities, smelting, industrial uses, waste incineration, coal burning and leaded gasoline (Cheng and Hu 2010). It is known as a toxic metal that could threaten human health through inhalation and ingestion from various sources, including contaminated air, food, water, and soil (Cheng and Hu 2010). High levels of Pb in the blood can result in damages to the central nervous system (particularly for children), impairment of hearing ability, kidney failure (mainly for adults), stomach-intestinal colitis, impotence, anemia, low birth weights, stillbirths and miscarriages (Yildirim et al. 2009, Khazaei et al. 2013, Rahmani et al. 2018).
Monitoring of blood lead level in young children using new mode of liquid phase microextraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Reza Akramipour, Mohammad Reza Golpayegani, Negar Noori, Nazir Fattahi
Human exposure to toxic metals is usually estimated by monitoring the metals in biological samples such as blood, serum, and urine. Lead is toxic to humans and shows only deleterious effects on human health (Jones et al. 2017). The harmful effects on the human health, caused by the lead contamination are reduction of the enzymatic activity, kidneys function, and neuromuscular difficulties (Soares and Nascentes 2013). It is well-known that exposure to lead can adversely affect the nervous system and children are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning (Ebrahimzadeh and Behbahani 2017). Children with blood lead levels (BLLs) >10 μg dL−1 are at an increased risk for learning and behavioral problems (Cizdziel 2007). Nevertheless, BLLs above the current acceptable threshold of 10 μg dL−1 remain prevalent in one particular subset of the population: low-income, urban children living in older housing (Pirkle et al. 1994). Until 2012, children were identified as having a blood lead “level of concern” if the test result is 10 μg dL−1 or higher of lead in blood. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) is no longer using the term “level of concern” and is instead using a reference value, currently 5 μg dL−1, to identify children who have been exposed to lead and who require case management (CDC 2012). Therefore, it is necessary to determine the lead ions to estimate its toxic effects and health risks (Kazi et al. 2013, Shah et al. 2013, Shah et al. 2016).
A health risk assessment of heavy metals in people consuming Sohan in Qom, Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Ahmad Reza Yari, Mojgan Saghazadeh, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Sahar Geravandi, Abolhasan Afkar, Seyedeh Zahra Salehi, Aliasghr Valipour, Hamed Biglari, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Babak Rastegarimehr, Mehdi Vosoughi, Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
Lead is a widespread pollutant, highly toxic metal, and bio-accumulative. It does neither degrade in the environment nor does it easily metabolize. Lead does not have any known functions in biological systems. Lead is considered as a major environmental health risk throughout the world. The main anthropogenic sources of Pb remain, such as smelting, mining, lead batteries, crystal, and ceramic industries undoubtedly contribute to the Pb-induced adverse effects in humans and the environment (Matović et al. 2015). The main source of human exposure to Pb is food that is believed to make up about 80–90% of daily doses. Lead affects humans and animals of all ages, but the effects of lead are mostly serious in young children (Krejpcio et al. 2005). The excessive intake of Pb can damage the central nervous system, skeletal, enzymatic, endocrine, circulatory, and immune system, disturb hemoglobin synthesis, kidneys and blood system in adults and delays in mental development and physical in children.