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Nutraceuticals Impacting Uterine Growth, Gestational Age and Mortality Rate
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Shrushti Patil, Natalia Mercado, Yashwant Pathak, Priyanka Bhatt
Later, through research, it was discovered that the leaves of this plant contained a low toxicity alkaloid called pyrrolizidine (USDA NRCS). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are plant toxins, which cause human as well as plant diseases. During the metabolism process of this plant, the liver converts the alkaloids into highly reactive electrophiles that react with the macromolecules to form an adduct, further resulting in either acute or chronic toxicity. PAs are also known to act as teratogens and as abortifacients (Prakash et al. 1999). All herbal abortifacients are to be avoided during pregnancy since the side effects can be harmful to the pregnant mother.
ISOLATION OF β-SITOSTEROL FROM Crotalaria longipes WIGHT & ARN: PHARMACOLOGICAL USES
Published in V. R. Mohan, A. Doss, P. S. Tresina, Ethnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic Properties, 2019
K. Paulpriya, P. S. Tresina, V. R. Mohan
The status of C. longipes was analyzed using the IUCN criteria (Mace and Stuart, 1994). In India until a couple of years back, the Red Data Books published by the Botanical Survey of India (Nayar and Sastry, 1987; 1988; 1990) were the only sources of information on threatened plants. The genus Crotalaria has the largest number of threatened species listed in the Red Data Book. This is the genus known for the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Various 24 alkaloids have been isolated from 18 different species of Crotalarias. C. longipes is one among the 15 species listed in the Red Data Books. It is a woody shrub growing up to 4-m tall with bright yellow flowers endemic to Nilgiris and Kolli hills.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Depending on how much of the poisonous plant is consumed, and the height, weight, and age of an individual, pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis (PA toxicosis) in humans may manifest clinically as dull dragging ache in the right upper abdomen, acute upper gastric pain, rapidly developing ascites, lassitude, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, mild jaundice, fever, prominent dilated veins on the abdominal wall, liver problems, pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, lung damage, all-body lesions, hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart, and kidney damage.
Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
T. M. Cantero, P. I. Silva Junior, G. Negri, R. M. Nascimento, R. Z. Mendonça
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are unknown in Apis mellifera propolis. Cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids are often toxic to insects. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are aliphatic bicyclic metabolites from several plant groups, including the genera Eupatorium, Heliotropium and Senecio (Asteraceae), Crotalaria (Leguminosae) and Symphytum (Boraginaceae). So far it is not possible to point out a likely plant origin of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the propolis analyzed. As mentioned in introduction, the preferential detection of the alkaloids in samples collected in months of October, November and December, suggests an herbaceous plant source (possibly with annual cycle). This is coherent with the phenology of Crotalaria and Senecio, two tropical genera widespread in Brazil. A higher likelihood is that a species of Crotalaria may be the resin source of this type of propolis. Symphytum officinale cannot be precluded as possible source. Although not of tropical origin, this medicinal herb is widely cultivated in many parts of the world and contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids structurally similar with found in this work (Negri et al. 2022). Despite the hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, tumorigenic, and neurotoxic activities of 1,2-unsaturated PAs, they can be used for the treatment of diseases and infections, due to their glycosidase inhibitory activity, that demonstrated antidiabetic effect, besides anticancer, fungicidal, and antiviral effects (Moreira et al. 2018, Tasca et al. 2018, Schramm et al. 2019, Mädge et al. 2020).
Differential effect of herbal tea extracts on free fatty acids-, ethanol- and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in FL83B hepatocytes
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Guan-Wen Chen, Tai-Yuan Chen, Pei-Ming Yang
It is well recognized that drug and/or medicine intakes together with concomitant alcohol consumption may cause toxic interactions or liver damage due to alcohol-induced pharmacokinetic changes in the hepatic drug metabolism pathways catalyzed by the various cytochrome P450 enzymes (Weathermon and Crabb 1999, Tanaka et al.2007). Our results indicated that all herbal tea extracts enhanced the alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting that alcohol may also interact with the components of herbal tea extracts. It has been reported that pyrrolizidine alkaloids purified from herbal remedies can enhance alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro in normal human hepatocytes by inducing the inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the apoptotic effects of ethanol (Neuman et al.2017). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are frequently found in herbal plants and they are toxic to animals and human (Smith and Culvenor 1981, Lindigkeit et al.1997, Li et al.2011). Metabolic activation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by cytochrome P450 enzymes is required for generating reactive pyrrolic metabolites that damage cellular proteins and DNA. However, it is uncertain whether the herbal tea extracts used in this study contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids because no obvious hepatotoxicity was observed. Because the enhancement of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity was a common effect of these herbal tea extracts, further characterization of their phytochemical constitution in the future will facilitate our understanding about the herb-alcohol interactions.
Diurnal hepatic CYP3A11 contributes to chronotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine in mice
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Li Guo, Li Zhang, Haiman Xu, Pei Yu, Zhigang Wang, Danyi Lu, Min Chen, Baojian Wu
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring phytotoxins distributed in thousands of plants [e.g. Senecio, Ligularia, Eupatorium (Asteraceae), Crotalaria (Fabaceae), Heliotropium, and Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae) species] (Roeder 2000). Human and livestock poisoning events for pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants have been reported in many countries such as Russia, Indian, Afghanistan, Jamaican, South African, Australia and America (Fu et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2010; Liang et al. 2011). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids cause toxicities to various tissues and organs including the liver, brain, lung and embryo (Tu et al. 1988; Buhler et al. 1991; Taylor et al. 1997; Roeder 2000; Fu et al. 2004). There are mainly two types of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, namely, retronecine-type and otonecine-type. Retrorsine (RTS) is one of the most hepatotoxic retronecine-type alkaloids and is found mainly in Senecio genus (Buhler et al. 1991; Fu et al. 2004). RTS is a 12-membered macrocyclic diester alkaloid with an α, β-unsaturated double bond linked to the ester group at the C-7 position of the necine base (see Figure 1 for chemical structure) (Dai et al. 2010). Therefore, new strategies (i.e. the chronotherapeutic approach) are needed to reduce the toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g. RTS).