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Etiology of Geophagia
Published in Anil Gupta, Geophagia, 2019
Geophagia materials have a high affinity to cation exchange. They can strongly bind to pathogens, endotoxins, and phytotoxins. In this way, geophagy materials can reduce the bioavailability of toxins in the body and offer protection to humans (Johns 1986; Johns and Duquette 1991; Hooda et al. 2002).
Introductory Remarks
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Phytotoxins are produced by a number of plants to fend off their predators. These include alkaloids (phytohemagglutinin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids), terpenes (cyanogenic glycosides), phenolics, and proteins/glycoproteins (e.g., abrin from rosary pea or jequirity pea, and ricin from castor bean).
The Effects of Synthetic Phosphonates on Living Systems
Published in Richard L. Hilderbrand, The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
The mechanism of action of glyphosate is thought to be associated with the metabolism of aromatic amino acids. Studies by Jaworski125 indicated that phenylalanine biosynthesis was inhibited by glyphosate at the chorismate mutase or prephenate dehydratase steps and that certain aromatic amino acids could reverse those effects. Further studies126 using Escherichia coli indicated that the above enzymes were not affected but that aromatic amino acids would reverse the phytotoxic effect. Exogenous aromatic amino acids supplied to soybean (Glycine Max [L.] Merr. Hill) seedlings reversed the root growth inhibition slightly (10%) but significantly. Glyphosate had no effect on uptake or incorporation of these amino acids and did not substantially affect shikimate dehydrogenase activity in control or amino acid fed seedlings. Duke and Hoagland127 concluded that either the mechanism of action of glyphosate is not the inhibition of aromatic amino acid synthesis or that root fed amino acids are compartmentalized differently than endogenous amino acids. Aromatic amino acids will generally reverse effects of glyphosate on unicellular organisms or on cell cultures of higher plants, but have an equivocal effect in higher plants that are intact. Duke and Hoagland127 suggest that the chelation of divalent metal ion by glyphosate may be important. Ekanayake et al.128 observed effects of glyphosate on amino acid metabolism but did not examine possible mechanisms.
Optimization of Myrothecium roridum tode: fries phytotoxin production and bioactivity on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Wahab Oluwanisola Okunowo, Akinniyi Adediran Osuntoki, Adedotun Adeyinka Adekunle, George Olabode Gbenle, Hamed K. Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier
One potential alternative to synthetic chemical herbicides in weed control is the use of phytotoxins (Saxena and Pandey 2001; Cimmino et al. 2015; Vurro et al.2018). Phytotoxins play a role in host-pathogen interactions through disease expression evidenced by various symptoms such as necrosis, chlorosis, wilting, water soaking and eventually the death of plants (Strobel 1982, Amusa 2006). It is well documented that microbial phytotoxins often act as virulence factors for plant pathogenesis (Strobel 1974, Baker et al. 1997, Feys and Parker 2000). Some microbial phytotoxins can even act as surrogates for the pathogen itself (Baker et al. 1997, Amusa 2006). Most phytotoxins act by modifying physiological and biochemical processes of plant metabolism, but others may be directly toxic to plant tissues (Strobel 1974, Baker et al. 1997, Amusa 2006).
Himalayan poisonous plants for traditional healings and protection from viral attack: a comprehensive review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shriya Pathania, Diksha Pathania, Priyanka Chauhan, Mamta Sharma
Plant toxins are commonly called “Phytotoxins” and the study of phytotoxins is known as “Phyto-toxicology". WHO has emphasized in 1978 on importance of scientific research into herbal medicine and since then all developing countries of the world have started research programs to clinically prove the therapeutic value of their native medicinal plants in order to get them registered in WHO's list of “essential drugs” (Balasubramanian et al. 2007). According to Borokini and Omotayo (2012), more than 50% of all modern clinical drugs are originated from natural products. A few medications from Ayurveda moving toward current infections have effectively arrived at the commercial center (Kumar et al. 2010).