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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Chronic lead poisoning causes neurological symptoms.103,123,416 Industrial lead intoxication was once quite common, but has been greatly decreased by restrictions on the use of lead and the development of adequate preventive measures at the workplace. Lead poisoning still occurs among plumbers, painters, and battery-makers.56,111,169,304,344,360,517 Sucking or licking furniture or walls covered with lead paint causes poisoning in children with subsequent brain dysfunction.46,47,269,526 Tetraethyl lead is a highly toxic compound used in gasoline as an antiknocking agent.517 Vehicle exhaust fumes contain lead that causes serious environmental contamination and when inhaled chronically, lead to neurological disorders.468 Due to this potentially dangerous action, many countries are now introducing legislation to decrease or even eliminate the tetraethyl lead content of motor fuel.
Miscellaneous poisons
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
Routes of lead exposure include contaminated air, water, soil, food and certain lead-containing consumer products, particularly those made in China. It has been associated with the use of Ayurvedic medicines and food contamination. In adults, the most common cause of lead poisoning is occupational exposure, whereas in children it is the lead paint that exists in older homes. Aged lead paint is likely to peel off walls and may look like an attractive item of food to children. Lead is toxic because it can substitute for calcium in many fundamental cellular processes, although how it does so is not entirely clear: neither the electronic structures nor the ionic radii of the two elements bear any particular resemblance. Nonetheless, lead can cross red blood cell membranes as well as the blood–brain barrier and enter the neuroglia cells which support brain function. This explains why exposed children may develop permanent learning and behavioural disorders.
Skin manifestations of poisoning
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Water supplies through lead pipes and food storage cans where lead solder is used can cause toxicity in the long run. Lead exposure of children from lead paint is an important cause of childhood lead poisoning. With the gaining popularity of ayurvedic medicines, a considerable number of cases with lead toxicity are being reported following their consumption [60–62].
Estimation and selection in linear mixed models with missing data under compound symmetric structure
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
With consideration of the individual variability, the overall blood lead level for participants in the treatment group dropped drastically and are statistically significant within the first week after the active treatment was administrated, and the blood level stayed at about the same level within the month, and went up at week 6. For the placebo group, the overall blood lead level at the baseline was significantly different from those at the rest of the periods. The original study [14] mentioned circumstances, such as the exposure of lead paint in the participants' housing, which posed potential challenges for the experiments. Nevertheless, with the implementation of linear mixed-effects modeling and the proposed approach to address data incompleteness, the final results illustrate the significance of changes in a specific time courses for both groups.
A New Dawn of Bioethics: Advocacy and Social Justice
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2022
It has been more than 70 years since Henrietta Lacks, a poor Black tobacco farmer, had her cells taken without her consent during treatment for cervical cancer when she had a tumor biopsied. Since this violation and countless others, bioethicists have worked for decades to craft safeguards for informed consent and the protection of human subjects in research. But we must ask ourselves, what else really has changed since Henrietta Lacks walked into the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1951? In 1993, Johns Hopkins’ Kennedy Krieger Institute studied the effects of lead paint on children in low-income communities of color. This was 28 years ago. What has changed since 1993? Right now, Black men are incarcerated at five times the rate of White men. Persistent racial and ethnic disparities continue to plague our healthcare system, our legal system, and our educational system.
Analysis of blood lead levels of young children in Flint, Michigan before and during the 18-month switch to Flint River water
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Hernán F. Gómez, Dominic A. Borgialli, Mahesh Sharman, Keneil K. Shah, Anthony J. Scolpino, James M. Oleske, John D. Bogden
The goal of this investigation was not to analyze the many possible sources of lead exposure of children in Flint. There are various sources of lead that likely contributed to lead exposure, especially the sub-standard housing in a post-industrial city such as Flint. However, Period I & II BLLs were significantly higher prior to the FRW switch and were likely a result of well-established sources of lead exposure such as peeling leaded paint, leaded dust on the floor and window sills, and lead-impregnated soil in and around children’s domiciles. The continued decrease in BLLs during the FRW exposure suggests that these other sources were an important, and likely the main source of lead exposure inclusive of Period III. Lead in paint, lead in dusts and soils, and lead in drinking water constitute the more important source of lead exposure today. In that group, leaded paint ranks first in importance for young children, followed closely by lead in dusts and soils, and then by tap-water lead [19]. Public health efforts to reduce exposure to leaded paint continue in the Flint community.