China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Risk Assessment and Management in the Workplace
Published in David Woolley, Adam Woolley, Practical Toxicology, 2017
As only existing data are used for the classification of existing substances, the data set available for workplace assessments can be less than the ideal situation outlined in Chapter 14. Frequently, the route of administration in safety studies is not the same as that expected in the workplace, and an adjustment has to be made for differences in absorption and pharmacokinetics between the routes. Initiatives such as those by the International Council of Chemical Associations and the Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) program operated under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have filled many data gaps for high-production-volume chemicals. Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is aimed at formally requiring this information from manufacturers and importers into the European Union.
Bisphenol A, TH17 cells, and allergy: A commentary
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Ian Kimber, Nicole Woeffen, Kevin Sondenheimer
Bisphenol A [BPA; 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)-diphenol] is a high production volume chemical that is mainly used to produce polycarbonates and epoxy resins that are used for a wide variety of applications. (Geens et al. 2012; Michalowicz 2014). It is known that BPA has estrogenic activity and that under some circumstances it is able to interact with a variety of receptors. Various diseases and adverse health effects have been attributed to BPA, including metabolic, neurobehavioral, and reproductive and developmental effects (Krishnan et al. 1993; Welshons et al. 2006; Kabir et al. 2015; Matuszczak et al. 2019). Given the continuing interest in BPA, and the range of biological mechanisms and health effects that have been ascribed to it (Rochester 2013; Michalowicz 2014; Murata and Kang 2018), there is no surprise that attention has been paid to the possibility that BPA is also associated with perturbation of the immune system and/or immunotoxicity (Rogers et al. 2013; Del Rio Araiza et al. 2021).
Immunotoxicity studies of sulfolane following developmental exposure in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats and adult exposure in B6C3F1/N mice
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
AtLee T. D. Watson, Victor J. Johnson, Michael I. Luster, Gary R. Burleson, Dawn M. Fallacara, Barney R. Sparrow, Mark F. Cesta, Michelle C. Cora, Keith R. Shockley, Matt D. Stout, Chad R. Blystone, Dori R. Germolec
Sulfolane (2,3,5-tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide; tetramethylene sulfone) is a high production volume chemical used in liquid-liquid and liquid-vapor extraction of chemicals from petroleum, in fractionalization of wood tars, and as a desulfurization agent in the purification of natural gas. Release of sulfolane into the environment can result in contamination of groundwater and well water in neighboring communities, as evidenced in the city of North Pole, AK where sulfolane has been detected at levels up to 500 parts per billion (ppb) in drinking water (ADEC (Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation) 2012). Therefore, in addition to potential occupational exposure through inhalation and/or dermal routes, residents may potentially receive exposure to sulfolane through ingestion of drinking water and certain foods in these affected communities.
Disposition and metabolism of antibacterial agent, triclocarban, in rodents; a species and route comparison
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Suramya Waidyanatha, Sherry R. Black, Purvi R. Patel, Scott L. Watson, Rodney W. Snyder, Vicki Sutherland, Jason Stanko, Timothy R. Fennell
Triclocarban (3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide) is a residue-producing antibacterial agent that was found in soaps, detergents, health and skincare products, and household cleaners typically up to 1.5%. As it was being used as a replacement for triclosan, production of triclocarban increased from 10,000 pounds in 1986 to as much as 10 million pounds in 2002, making it a high production volume chemical (https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/EPAHPV). However, following the issuance of a proposed rule by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 regulating its usage due to potential health risks such as bacterial resistance, the production declined to <25,000 pounds in 2014 (EPA, 2019). Under the FDA’s proposed rule, the manufacturers were required to provide to the FDA additional data on the safety and effectiveness of the antibacterial agents used in consumer products. Due to failure of the manufacturers to submit this data to the FDA, in September 2016, the FDA finalized the rule banning 19 antimicrobial agents, including triclocarban, in over-the-counter (OTC) consumer antiseptic wash products (hand wash, body wash, and bar soap) which went into effect in September 2017 (21 C.F.R. § 330.545) (FDA, 2020). Though banned in consumer wash products in the U.S., triclocarban is still used in other countries (Yun et al., 2020).