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Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Acute toxicity is caused by a relatively large dose of a metal toxicant. The onset of symptoms is sudden, and the intensity of effects rises rapidly and if adequate procedures are not performed to neutralize or remove the toxicant, irreversible damage to tissues and systems may cause death. Chronic poisoning develops gradually following long and continued exposure to relatively small doses. Initially, no symptoms manifest, then there is a gradual onset of symptoms. There may be frequent remissions and recurrences of the symptoms. Many metals act as short-term poisons or toxicants in high doses and as long-term systemic poisons in low doses. Chronic poisoning also represents cumulative effects. A metallic toxicant can develop two different sets of symptoms, one for acute and one for chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity can be reversed by removal of the toxicant, provided no irreversible damage has been done to vital systems. Groth (1972) found that metal interactions were effective in chronic experiments, with mercury toxicity being alleviated by selenium. Delayed, or latent, toxicity is the condition in which clinical effects are observable only months following exposure to the toxicant. Latent toxicity is exemplified by beryllium and chromium. Cumulative effects may or may not be associated with a build up of the toxicant. For example, there is no cumulative concentration of beryllium in pulmonary tissues in the pulmonary granuloma caused by chronic beryllium toxicity.
Trace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Ingestion of copper from foods or simple salts appears to be relatively safe in humans. Estimates of safe intakes for indefinite time periods range from 10 to 35 mg Cu per d.808 Even 200 mg/d appears to be safe for short time periods.808 Acute copper toxicity may be more feasible. As little as 10 mg of copper (as a salt) may produce nausea, and 64 mg copper as 250 mg copper sulfate produces vomiting.808 Lethal doses in humans are thought to be 3.5 to 35 g. Acute toxicity symptoms are nausea, vomiting, jaundice, intravascular hemolysis, gastric hemorrhage, and hepatic necrosis. Situations where copper supplements should not be given are (1) Wilson’s disease (rare congenital disorder of excess tissue copper), (2) Indian childhood cirrhosis, (3) biliary atresia, (4) α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and (5) primary biliary cirrhosis.958 These conditions all cause copper to accumulate in tissues.
Acute toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of the white oyster mushroom
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
S.B. Rahimah, Y. Kharisma, M.K. Dewi, J. Hartati, W. Maharani
An acute toxicity test was carried out using the proposed method. This method was a new method recommended for testing the acute toxicity of drugs or natural substances. Acute toxicity is an undesirable effect due to the administration of certain substances, in single or repeated doses, in a short time in the first 24 hours. A dosage curve for undesirable effects can also be seen using this method, in addition to assessing mortality. The method used was the Proposed (New) Method (Chinedu et al. 2013). Experimental animals were divided into several stages; the next stage depended on the results of the previous stage. The first or initial stage used four groups containing one mouse for each group. All four were given different doses and were seen 1 hour after administration and in periodic examinations for 24 hours to assess their mortality. If no deaths occurred, the testing could be continued in the second stage. The second stage involved three animals given a higher dose than in the first stage. Observation was carried out the same as in the previous stage. If no mortality took place, then the testing continued to the third stage using three mice. The maximum dose given was 5,000 mg/kg body weight (Chinedu et al. 2013).
Assessment of the knowledge of basic first aid of acute poisoning among medical students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, KSA
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2023
Mohamed Gamaleldin Elsakkar, Rana Abdullah Alabdulhadi, Ghader Mohammed Alkazzaz, Zuhur Jafar Al-Qteeb, Md. Ashraful Islam
The results of this study are generally consistent with a study conducted by Hakami et al. [18] in Riyadh city, where most of the medical students who participated had an adequate level of knowledge about the initial management of acute poisoning, which was related to their training program and experience in the emergency department. However, the present study focused on knowledge of the initial management of acute toxicity and the fundamentals of risk assessment, which is very important for management planning. Also, the questionnaire used to assess the knowledge level differs in many aspects from the one used in our study. Another study conducted in Istanbul by Goktas S et al. [19] found that medical undergraduates had more first-aid knowledge of poisoning than non-medical students. Unlike the current study, the sample participating in the study was different from ours, and some survey questions were nonspecific regarding management of poisoning.
Dose- and dosage-dependent spectrum of respiratory toxicity of cypermethrin in rabbits
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Latif Ahmad, Shafia Tahseen Gul, Xiaoxia Du, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Rafiq Khanani, Shajeela Iram, Aziz Ur Rehman, Ahrar Khan
The industrial revolution has made hazardous chemicals (xenobiotics) omnipresent, which include pesticides, plastics, metals, aflatoxins etc. (Ahmad et al.2017, Tahir et al. 2021, Jabeen et al. 2021, Hamed et al.2022). The freed-out pesticides in the surroundings frequently form metabolites that may contaminate nutrients, waters, and soils (Abuowarda et al. 2020, Leoci and Ruberti 2021, Abdelrazik et al. 2022, Ara et al. 2022). They cause alterations in different classes of vertebrates, that is, mammals, avian, reptiles, amphibians, and fish (Garcês et al.2020, Akram et al. 2022, Agbohessi et al. 2023). Acute toxicity cases of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.) recorded in humans during 2016 were 38.5 × 1012, worldwide (Boedeker et al.2020). The share of pyrethroid insecticides in agricultural pesticides is about 2%. Still, they account for 25% of the global pesticide market due to domestic and medical use, e.g. pour-on preparations, animal dipping, topical control of lice and scabies, and vector-borne zoonosis (Abbas et al.2014, Amer and Sarah 2020, Namratha et al. 2021, Tudi et al.2021, Vorselaars et al.2021).
Development a high-throughput zebrafish embryo acute toxicity testing method based on OECD TG 236
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Shisan Xu, Fengyan Chen, Huan Zhang, Zhen-lie Huang, Jianjun Li, Desheng Wu, Xueping Chen
Predicting and assessing acute toxicity of industrial chemicals or consumables is crucial for human safety and environmental sustainability. Although conventional acute toxicity testing methods based on rodents and rabbits have been well documented and standardized by the United States government since the 1950s, there are still many disadvantages for these traditional methods, such as cost, time-consumption, as well as animal welfare concerns (Ducharme et al. 2015). Additionally, thousands of new chemicals including pesticides are introduced to the market and eventually dispersed into the environment every year (EPA 2011). Cell-line based in vitro testing methods are high throughput, less expensive and save time, but produce low predictability to vertebrates (Ali et al. 2011). There is increasingly demand to develop a new method to bridge the gap between in vivo animals and in vitro cell-lines, based on acute toxicity testing approaches. In that regard, zebrafish (Danio rerio) share approximately 70% gene sequence homology with humans and exhibit high structural similarities with vertebrates (Gunnarsson et al. 2008; Howe et al. 2013). Furthermore, biological consequences from zebrafish are translatable between conserved vertebrates (Behl et al. 2015; Nishimura et al. 2015). These reasons, together with the small body size, high fecundity, rapid embryonic development, ease of maintenance, and transparency of the embryos, make zebrafish an attractive model as an alternative animal toxicity testing paradigm (Ducharme et al. 2015; Teixidó et al. 2018, 2019).