China
Africa
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Female Genital Mutilation and Genital Surgeries
Published in Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz, Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
Female genital cosmetic surgery is a clinical field that has grown considerably in the Western world and beyond over the past few decades (Braun & Tiefer, 2010; Desai & Dixit, 2018). It is often referred to in public discussion as procedures intended to achieve a ‘designer vagina’, an indication of the lack of public understanding of the anatomy of the female genital organs (Telfer, 2018). The more accurate terms include labiaplasty (NHS, 2016), vaginoplasty (or ‘vaginal rejuvenation’) (WebMD, 2017), hymenoplasty (Diane, 2016) and vulvoplasty (Zelmanovich, 2017). As the documents cited here demonstrate, such surgeries are most commonly conducted within the for-profit sector of clinical practice with the concomitant marketing language. Some health provision services, such as the British National Health Service (NHS), may provide these procedures without cost (approximately 2,000 procedures were conducted in the UK in 2011), however there is resistance to the use of public money for the large majority of women who desire cosmetic surgery (Roberts, 2011).
Common issues
Published in James Barrett, Transsexual and Other Disorders of Gender Identity, 2017
In purely practical terms, early orchidectomy carries with it the risk of subsequent scrotal shrinkage. This renders later vulvoplasty more problematic. Later orchidectomy carries less risk of this sort, but if late enough to carry no risk, would be so close to eventual gender reassignment surgery as to render the separate procedure and associated extra anaesthetic rather pointless.
Outcome measures reported following feminizing genital gender affirmation surgery for transgender women and gender diverse individuals: A systematic review
Published in International Journal of Transgender Health, 2023
Thomas E. Pidgeon, Thomas Franchi, Andre C. Q. Lo, Ginimol Mathew, Heer V. Shah, Despoina Iakovou, Mimi R. Borrelli, Catrin Sohrabi, Tina Rashid
The search strategy was developed with the assistance of an information search specialist. An electronic literature search was conducted using free text search terms: Vaginoplasty, vaginoplast*, vulvoplasty, clitoroplasty, labiaplasty, neovagin*, neo-vagin*, genital reconstructive surgery, feminising genitoplasty, feminizing genitoplasty; combined with applicable Boolean logical operators (Supplementary Appendix 1, for the full search strategy). The databases that were searched using the above strategy included: PubMed, Medline, EMBASE (all using Ovid), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Clinicaltrials.gov, CINAHL (using EBSCO), AMED (Allied and Complementary Medicine), PsycINFO (using HDAS), and the International Standard Randomized Control Trial Number (ISRCTN) database. Where possible, the search strategies excluded the above irrelevant study designs (case reports, review articles). There were no date limits. The searches took place between 4th and 18th November 2020.