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An Approach to Visual Loss in a Child
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Muhammad Hassaan Ali, Stacy L. Pineles
Due to shortage of specialists in developing countries, it becomes difficult to detect problem early during assessment in eye care center. In developed countries, proper referral system is maintained between health visitors, family practitioners, neonatal units, pediatric ophthalmologists and retina specialists. Since subspecialties are not well developed in resource-deficient countries, specialized eye care is not freely available. Due to financial and geographic limitations, parents are unable to avail diagnostic, curative and rehabilitative services in poor countries. Pediatric eye surgery is expensive as compared to adult surgery as it requires multidisciplinary approach including the need for general anesthetists for examination and intervention together with pediatricians and neonatologists for assessment of general health status and medical fitness of the child.
Ursolic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpene from Plants in Nanomedicine
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Monalisha Sen Gupta, Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Kumar Anand, Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal, Sanmoy Karmakar
Ocular inflammation prevalent complications after eye surgery. Due to the complex structure of the eye, the major challenge in ocular medication is the ability to maintain a therapeutic level of the medicament at the site of action for an extended duration (Agnihotri and Vavia, 2009) Generally ocular efficacy is closely associated with the bioavailability of ocular drugs, which may be increased by increasing corneal drug penetration (Gupta et al., 2010). Ocular delivery of drugs is f the most challenging and fascinating venture faced by the pharmaceutical scientist because the development of novel delivery systems for ocular instillation is currently a demand (AraUjo et al., 2009; Holden et al., 2012; Karalezli et al., 2008). Several approaches have been proposed but nanoparticles (NPs) represent itself as promising drug transporter for ophthalmic use, by delivering ease of execution just like eye drop having a lesser frequency of administration and extended the duration on the extraocular part (Nagarwal et al., 2009).
Nanomedicines for Ocular NSAIDs: State-of-the-Art Update of the Safety on Drug Delivery
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Joana R. Campos, Joana Araújo, Elisabet Gonzalez-Mira, Maria A. Egea, Elena Sanchez-Lopez, Marta Espina, Selma B. Souto, Maria L. Garcia, Eliana B. Souto
The eyes are among the most readily accessible organs in terms of location in the body, nevertheless drug delivery to eye tissues is particularly problematic. Poor bioavailability of drugs from ocular dosage forms is mainly due to pre-corneal loss factors, e.g. tear dynamics, non-productive absorption, transient residence time in the cul-de-sac, and relative impermeability of the corneal epithelial membrane. There is a clear need for effective topical formulations able of promoting drug penetration and maintaining therapeutic levels with a reasonable frequency of application, strategy that can also result in enhancement of side effects that probably would not be acceptable. Delivery of a drug via nanotechnology-based product fulfils mainly three objectives, i.e. enhancement of drug permeation, controlled release, and targeting. The inflammatory response of the ocular tissues is a common side effect associated to ophthalmic surgery. Together with steroidal agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used in eye surgery. In this work, the state-of-art on the safety of drug delivery to the eye has been revised and updated, focusing on the most promising nanomedicines incorporating anti-inflammatory drugs for ophthalmic application.
Etiology, Pathogens, Clinical Features and Treatment of Bacterial Scleritis
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2023
Xiangtong Chen, Xueman Lv, Li Yang, Feng Bai, Xiaoli Liu
Bacterial scleritis mainly occurs in the middle-aged patients, and there is no gender difference. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogens in developed countries. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis are more common in developing countries, especially in India. Eye surgery and trauma are the possible causes of bacterial infection. In addition, wearing contact lenses was also a possible cause of bacterial scleritis. The main symptoms of bacterial scleritis are red and painful eyes. The patient’s visual acuity decreased significantly. Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Nocardia infection usually presented with a necrotizing scleritis, while Tuberculous scleritis usually presents as anterior nodular scleritis. Bacterial culture was an effective method of diagnosis. Most bacterial scleritis cases require both aggressive medical and surgical treatment, and the drug choice must be based on antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Effectiveness and safety of nonablative fractional laser and infrared bipolar radiofrequency for treating periorbital wrinkles
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2022
Xianglei Wu, Qingqing Cen, Jiafang Zhu, Ying Shang, Xiaoxi Lin
This prospective, randomized, split-face study was conducted at the Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital from December 2019 to January 2021. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) patients with periorbital wrinkles. 2) 18–60 years old, no sex restriction, and no occupation restriction. 3) Signed informed consent Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) previous liver disease, blood disease, metabolic disorder, tumor, facial trauma, gynecological, infectious, thyroid, and rheumatic diseases, or new disease during treatment were also excluded (according to the results of physical examination in the last 3 months). 2) Eye disease/eye surgery during treatment 3) Sun exposure without protective measures or diet changes significantly during treatment. 4) Changes in the use of skin care products and cosmetics during treatment This study was approved by the ethics committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital.
Cataract Surgical Services in Palestine
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Ranad Maswadi, Covadonga Bascaran, Gerry Clare, Maged Abu Ramadan, Alaa Al Talbishi, Allen Foster
Collaboration between public, private and non-government healthcare providers is common to all health services in Palestine.21,25 However, unlike some other health services, cataract surgery is not contracted out to other countries, in compliance with the ‘nationalization of services’ strategy of the Palestinian MOH. Besides generating financial savings for the government, this implies that the cataract surgical centres in Palestine are generally competent in addressing the need. In 2015, the price range of cataract surgery, including PHACO and ECCE, through out-of-pocket payment was 2000–4000 NIS (454–907 GBP), similar to neighbouring countries like Jordan (548–950 GBP) and lower than Israel (860–1290 GBP). The effects of pricing on consumer decisions on eye surgery are likely to be complex.