China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fencing
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Lindsay Bottoms, Robert Cawdron, Steve Kemp, Luke Oates
Finally, the 5–0–5 change of direction test can be completed as per the original protocol by Draper and Lancaster (1985). Three lines are marked out; the first is the start line, the second line is 10 m away and the third is a further 5 m from that. Timing gates should be placed at the second line. The fencer sprints from the start line to the third line as fast as they can, turns using their left leg and sprints back through the second line. Sprints are repeated three times for turning on each leg with 2 min rest between repetitions. The best time and the average time are recorded.
Effects of Hypoxia/Blood Flow Restriction on Cellular Adaptations to Training
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Scott J. Dankel, Jeremy P. Loenneke
With respect to anaerobic exercise adaptations, the most promising results occur in response to acute exercise under hypoxia. The primary benefit does not appear to be an improvement in sprinting speed, but rather an improved ability to recover between short bursts of high intensity exercises such as repeated sprints (11). This particularly has utility for sports that often require numerous maximal effort sprints within a given event (e.g., American football, rugby, soccer, basketball). As for resistance exercise adaptations, the totality of evidence seems to suggest that there is no added benefit of performing resistance exercise under hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions (29). Provided resistance exercise is performed to task failure, it would be difficult to reconcile mechanistically why and how performing resistance exercise under hypoxic conditions would result in greater adaptations to muscle size and strength compared to the same exercise performed under normoxic conditions.
2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension
Published in Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi, Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Anna F. Dominiczak, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, 2019
Bryan Williams, Giuseppe Mancia, Wilko Spiering, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Michel Azizi, Michel Burnier, Denis L. Clement, Antonio Coca, Giovanni de Simone, Anna F. Dominiczak, Thomas Kahan, Felix Mahfoud, Josep Redon, Luis M. Ruilope, Alberto Zanchetti, Mary Kerins, Sverre E. Kjeldsen, Reinhold Kreutz, Stéphane Laurent, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Richard McManus, Krzysztof Narkiewicz, Frank Ruschitzka, Roland E. Schmieder, Evgeny Shlyakhto, Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Victor Aboyans, Ileana Desormais
An important consideration is frail, dependent older patients, including those with orthostatic hypotension. These have been excluded from RCTs. The SPRINT trial showed the benefits of BP-lowering treatment being extended to recruited patients who were at the frailer end of the spectrum, including those with reduced gait speed [215]. This suggests that the benefit of treatment is not limited to fit and independent older patients; however, to what extent BP-lowering treatment benefits the very frail [214] and institutionalized patients remains to be determined.
Improving outcomes for older hypertensive patients: is more intensive treatment better?
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2022
Yue Deng, Guohui Zhang, Lu Wang, Jun Cai
The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) trial [10]** signaled a historical tipping point of the perspective into intensive SBP treatment. Targeting SBP to <120 mmHg significantly reduced the risk of major adverse cardiac events, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality, compared to targeting SBP to <140 mmHg in patients with high cardiovascular risk. To astonish many, these benefits were consistent in the pre-designed subgroup of patients aged at least 75 years old [11]** in SPRINT. Subsequent to the SPRINT trial, the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE-3) [12] trial indicated that in patients with lower cardiovascular risk, those with the baseline SBP > 143.5 mmHg could be benefited from active-treatment (mean achieved SBP at 128.3 mmHg). Recently, the Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients trial (STEP) [13]** which enrolled 8511 older hypertensive patients (60–80 years), reported an additional 26% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with intensive treatment (SBP target, 110–130 mmHg), compared with standard treatment (130–150 mmHg). Among adverse events, hypotension was frequent with intensive SBP control.
Progression to the target vs. regular rules in Soccer small-sided Games
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2022
Gibson Moreira Praça, André Gustavo Pereira Andrade, Sarah da Glória Teles Bredt, Felipe Arruda Moura, Pedro Emilio Drumond Moreira
During the SSG, the athletes carried a 10 Hz GPS device, with an embedded 200 Hz accelerometer (Polar®, Team Pro, Kempele, Finland) and a 1 Hz heart rate monitor (compatible with the GPS interface). Previous studies reported the reliability of 10 Hz GPS units to measure players’ displacements and positions of sport-based movements (Johnston et al. 2014; Nikolaidis et al. 2018). GPS-based variables comprised the total distance covered (in meters) and the distance covered at different speed zones (Dist 3.0–7.2, Dist 7.2–14.3, Dist 14.3–19.7, Dist 19.7–25.1, Dist above 25.1 km/h, all expressed in meters), as previously adopted in other studies (Owen et al. 2014). The total number of sprints was also recorded. A sprint was counted when the running speed reached 25 km/h or higher (Mallo et al. 2015; Pettersen and Brenn 2019).The number of accelerated and decelerated actions were recorded for every time that a player achieved one of the following thresholds: below −3.00 m/s2 (dec < −3.00 m/s2), between −2.99 and −2.00 m/s2 (dec −2.99 – −2.00 m/s2), between −1.99 and −1.00 m/s2 (dec 1.99 – −1.00 m/s2), between 1.00 and 1.99 m/s2 (acc 1.00–1.99 m/s2), between 2.00 and 2.99 m/s2 (acc 2.00–2.99 m/s2), and above 3.00 m/s2 (acc > 3.00 m/s2). The physiological variables were the mean heart rate and the maximum heart rate (rest intervals excluded).
The influence of warm-up duration on simulated rugby league interchange match performance
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2021
Robert D. Williams, Scott Gillham, Jamie Highton, Craig Twist
To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use a more practically meaningful model to examine the effects of warm-up duration on a rugby league simulation. There was no difference between a 10-min and 30-min warm-up for any of the movement, physiological or perceptual measures during the simulated match, reaffirming findings of previous studies using repeated sprint protocols (Taylor et al. 2013; van den Tillaar and von Heimburg 2016), sprint and agility tests (Romaratezabala et al. 2018; van den Tillaar et al. 2019), a 3-min run (van den Tillaar et al. 2017) and repeated explosive tasks (Zois et al. 2011). Observing no differences in the peak speed and sprint to contact in the initial quartile (~5 min) of the simulation (Figure 3(a) and 3(b)) enabled more direct comparisons with other studies that have considered the effect of warm-up duration on sprint activity (Taylor et al. 2013; van den Tillaar and von Heimburg 2016; Romaratezabala et al. 2018; van den Tillaar et al. 2019). On an individual level, it appeared that sprint performance in the initial period varied between participants depending on the warm-up duration. Individual data showed that 7 (54%) and 11 (85%) of the participants reported differences in peak speed and speed to contact, respectively, during the first ~5 min that were greater than the error in sprint performance (3.7%) for the simulation (Norris et al., 2019). Such data again suggest that the effects of a warm-up duration are individual specific.