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Between “Aid in Dying” and “Assisted Suicide”
Published in Joel Michael Reynolds, Christine Wieseler, The Disability Bioethics Reader, 2022
But this objection can be overcome via a recuperation of the medical model of disability: an argument that incurable medical conditions can make their recipients’ lives worse in a manner that is relatively autonomous of the social environment. Indeed, a wide array of disability studies scholars have emphasized the negative aspects of disability that are relatively autonomous of ableism (Kafer 2013; Shakespeare 2013). Such aspects would seem even more salient with regard to the “incurable medical conditions” that might legitimate the right to die, since many such conditions are not normally analyzed with the social model. In fact, failure to consider the medical model in right to die cases can be disastrous, as is illustrated by the case of Sheila Pouliot.
Introduction
Published in Beverley Clough, Jonathan Herring, Disability, Care and Family Law, 2021
Beverley Clough, Jonathan Herring
The Social Model of Disability has been a crucial catalyst in legal and political activism for disabled people. Essentially, the Social Model suggests that disability is produced by societal attitudes and structures which impact on or interact with people with impairments or who deviate from ableist norms (Shakespeare, 2013). Thus, the cause of disability is not impairment, but the societal norm or barrier. This is a marked shift from the Individual or Medical Model of Disability which locates disability within the individual and views disability as a deficit or something to be fixed/cured (Goodley, 2014).
The Harm of Ableism
Published in Fritz Allhoff, Sandra L. Borden, Ethics and Error in Medicine, 2019
Joel Michael Reynolds, David Peña-Guzmán
As Cassam (2017) formulates it, epistemic overconfidence can affect all patients independently of disability status. But we argue that ableism amplifies it in particular ways. Consider the so-called “disability paradox.” This term refers to the fact that non-disabled people rate the quality of life of people with disabilities significantly lower than people with disabilities do. As Albrecht and Devlieger formulate the paradox: “why do many people with serious and persistent disabilities report that they experience a good or excellent quality of life when to most external observers these individuals seem to live an undesirable daily existence?” (1999, 977). One would expect that among non-disabled people, health-care providers would buck this trend since presumably their expert knowledge of medicine translates to a better understanding of impairment than the average person. But the exact opposite turns out to be true. Medical experts have an inaccurate perception of the quality of life of disabled people and systematically rate the quality of life lower than the average non-disabled person does (Basnett 2001).16 What’s more, because of their expert status, medical practitioners are unlikely to call into question their own assumptions, which are continuously reinforced by the medical model of disability in which they have been reared and to which in most cases they remain committed. Research concerning the disability paradox suggests that doctors often walk into a consultation with fixed and fundamentally flawed assumptions about disability.
Understanding disability in healthcare: exploring the perceptions of parents of young people with autism spectrum disorder
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Simone Wright Stein, Rochelle Alexander, Jotvarinder Mann, Cory Schneider, Sophie Zhang, Barbara E. Gibson, Sharon Gabison, Patrick Jachyra, Donya Mosleh
Within contemporary Western societies, disability is commonly conceptualized in at least two competing ways – through the medical or social models of disability [4]. The medical model views disability as an individual problem that exists within a person’s body, thus requiring intervention to fix it [5]. Alternatively, the social model makes a distinction between “impairment” and “disability” and suggests that disability arises due to how society itself is organized. In other words, it is the social, physical, and attitudinal barriers that disable people, not their impairments [6]. Although the medical model tends to be dominant within healthcare [7], the views of parents of young people with disabilities vary considerably and may reflect blended viewpoints that can change over time [8–10].
Exercise experiences among persons with multiple sclerosis living in the southeast of the United States
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Emma V. Richardson, Elizabeth Barstow, Robert W. Motl
Participants noted both MS related and environmental barriers for exercise, and these two entities are not separate but rather interrelated. For example, the heat sensitivity Minnie mentioned is a common symptom of MS, but while exercise can induce heat, this could be managed if exercise environments have effective air conditioning or provide fans. Thus, to better understand barriers to exercise, a lens of disability theory allows different perceptions of disability to be appreciated at once. For example, the medical model of disability positions disability as within the individual and that “impairment effects” stop individuals from being physically active [35]. Conversely, although the social model of disability acknowledges the presence of impairments and the subsequent difficulties these can inflict, impairment does not make up the substance of non-participation. Rather, non-participation is a result of an environment’s inability to take into account physical difference, and thus excludes individuals with impairment from mainstream social activities [36]. In this study, both these understandings are essential to reflect the multi-dimensional, connected and complex barriers which persons with MS experiences when exercising.
Multilingualism and augmentative and alternative communication: examining language ideology and resulting practices
Published in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2020
Kerstin Monika Tönsing, Gloria Soto
When language is viewed as a system, it is presumed to be an objective phenomenon that exists outside of its users. A language like German or Spanish, for example, consists of a unique standardized set of static and relatively immutable features, including grammar, vocabulary, and spelling (Petrovic, 2015; Wright, 2015). Competence in a language is displayed when speakers conform to these features. The goal of language acquisition is to acquire this idealized standardized form, regardless of whether the language is acquired as a first or subsequent language or is acquired simultaneously with others. This view of language articulates with a medical model of disability and intervention. Within this model, disability is seen as inherent to the person, and the aim of intervention is to overcome the disability by helping the person to approximate as closely as possible to an idealized norm of functioning.