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Gloves as Protection against Microbial Contamination
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
The provision of adequate PPE, training on its use, and proper hand hygiene are critical components of the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030).3 The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide guidelines on hand hygiene, including the use of alcohol-based hand rubs or hand washing with soap and water before and after coming in contact with a patient, contacting contaminated surfaces, or performing an aseptic procedure.3,4 This includes hand hygiene immediately after glove removal. The World Health Organization (WHO) also provides detailed guidelines on hand hygiene for healthcare workers and surgeons, which includes additional hand hygiene products or preparations.5
Social Distancing and Quarantine as COVID-19 Control Remedy
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Hussaan, Fatima Batool, Sahar Mumtaz, Nagina Rehman, Samina Yaqoob, Humaira Kausar
Center for disease control (CDCP) recommends how to do best quarantine part as follows: Stay at Home: Do not leave home unless it is very important, i.e., no work, school, or traditional celebrations.Call to Healthcare: Call ahead in case you are having any symptoms to keep yourself updated regarding the preventive measures for yourself and to save others from getting infected.Avoid Pet Interaction: Although there is no evidence reported regarding the transmission of COVID-19 with pet interaction, it is still good to use caution. If you are exposed to a COVID-infected person already, try to avoid close interaction with pets during the quarantine.Keep Your Stuff Separate: Do not mix your dishes, bedding, towels, and utensils with others in your home.Keep Hygiene: Keep yourself hygiene is the most integral part of this quarantine time. First-line defense should start with hand washing and then do not forget to keep your elbow on nose/mouth before sneezing or coughing or in case of tissue papers, through it immediately after using.
Enhanced Case Detection through Clinical and Laboratory Methods
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
Improved knowledge on clinical presentations coupled together with field-friendly inexpensive and accurate confirmatory diagnostic tests are important for Sri Lanka. This will minimize duration of illness, undesired sequelae of long-lasting illness, load of parasite reservoirs in the community, and socio-economic burden on the society as well. In addition to routine individual diagnosis, improved diagnostic tools can also empower disease burden estimation, studies on trends, and progression of infection as well, which are essential components of knowledge in designing disease control activities.
Varied trends of tuberculosis and HIV dual epidemics among different countries during 2000–2020: lessons from an ecological time-trend study of 9 countries
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Chelsi Preuc, Maheen Humayun, Zhenhua Yang
This study is limited in its ability to draw causal conclusions as it provides country-level associations between TB incidence and HIV prevalence, which may not necessarily reflect individual-level associations. Nevertheless, descriptive epidemiology studies are important tools for generating scientific evidence and igniting new research questions. It is also important to recognise that surveillance data is not always reflective of true disease occurrence and its capacity is highly variable across countries. Despite its limitations, this study provides an update on evolution of dual epidemics of TB and HIV using 20-years of surveillance data from nine countries that represent four different WHO regions. This study demonstrates that the highly valuable data collected by the UN and WHO when combined can provide useful insights for future disease control and transmission. Country-stratified trend and epidemiological analysis of TB incidence and HIV prevalence adds to the existing literature which lacks representation of countries across WHO regions and concurrent trend analysis of TB and HIV. Future studies should use this exploratory analysis to identify country-specific drivers of TB using individual-level data.
Analysis of an environmental epidemic model based on voluntary vaccination policy
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ke-Lu Li, Jun-Yuan Yang, Xue-Zhi Li
From those figures, we readily conclude that the effect of β1 on disease outbreaks is much greater than the effect of β2, both in terms of the final epidemic size, the vaccination coverage, the average social payoff, and the final pathogen load in the surrounding environment. Therefore, in the process of controlling disease transmission, the transmission rate of direct contact between susceptible persons and infected individuals should be emphasized to achieve the purpose of disease control. It is worth mentioning that the strategy-based risk assessment update rule (SB-RA) gives individuals more comprehensive thinking when updating their strategies than the individual-based risk assessment update rule (IB-RA). Unlike IB-RA and SB-RA, DC shows distinct different tendencies, because DC directly instructs individuals to either vaccinate or not vaccinate, without any relation to the strategies of others.
COVID-19: quarantine, isolation, and lifestyle diseases
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Heena Rehman, Md Iftekhar Ahmad
The word quarantine has been derived from the Italian words quaranta giorni which refers to 40 days. The quarantine practice dates back to the fourteenth century when it was used to protect the coastal cities from the plague (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013). The law for the quarantine was reinterpreted in 1892 during the outbreak of cholera. In 1921, it was fully nationalised and the last station of quarantine was transferred to the United States government (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). As per the executive order 13,295, the quarantine is used to restrict the spread of contagious diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, infectious tuberculosis, viral haemorrhagic fevers (like Ebola), smallpox, yellow fever, plague, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (Executive Orders disposition tables 2003). Isolation is different from quarantine as it is only for those people who are either infected or sick (HHS 2020). The federal government has the authority to legally quarantine any citizen and breaking this order might have serious consequences ranging from fine to imprisonment.