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Communicable Diseases
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
The settings in which refugees and displaced people reside have changed. Through the 20th century, refugees were often placed in refugee camps in their country of asylum. This could make some aspects of communicable disease control easier, for example vaccinations, WATSAN, contact tracing, screening and health promotion, but other aspects more challenging, for example ease of spread of communicable diseases such as measles, polio, diarrhoeal illnesses and respiratory infections. Refugees living in urban or peri-urban settings often live among poor communities, who may already face strained infrastructures – for example in northern parts of Lebanon that host Syrian refugees, pre-existing poverty and strained infrastructure is compounded by the influx of refugees. Urban/peri-urban settings can also make it harder for refugees to access screening and vaccination programmes or for contact tracing, for example, for tuberculosis (TB). However, the presence of refugees among host populations can promote universal health coverage and integration of refugees into local healthcare systems, which could benefit both refugees and host populations, as discussed in Chapter 5.1.
Communicable diseases
Published in Jan de Boer, Marcel Dubouloz, Handbook of Disaster Medicine, 2020
A certain number of activities related to the control of communicable diseases will be mentioned in the context of environmental sanitation (description of their role and integration in programs to control communicable diseases). The following is a list of measures for communicable disease control which are of major importance: – the use of interviews and protocols for rapid needs assessment of communicable diseases in emergencies;– immunisation;– tests carried out in the field;– chemoprophylaxis;– therapeutic protocols;– health education.
Principles and theories
Published in Emily Ying Yang Chan, Disaster Public Health and Older People, 2019
Health protection approaches could be divided into five categories: i) communicable disease control; ii) emergency management; iii) environmental and food safety management; iv) climate change; and v) related global initiatives and policies. These five categories are important for disease prevention (Chan, forthcoming; Commonwealth Secretariat, 2017). Table 2.4 provides a brief overview for each category.
The effects of mandatory home quarantine on mental health in a community sample during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2023
Kari I. Aaltonen, Suoma Saarni, Matti Holi, Markus Paananen
All cases who were imposed to home quarantine (for exposure to a person with SARS-CoV-2 infection), or to a home isolation (for laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection) were identified from the register of the infectious diseases control unit in the city of Kerava, a suburban city in the Helsinki Metropolitan area, Finland (36,754 inhabitants). The register covers information on all inhabitants with a laboratory-test confirmed Sars-CoV-2 infection or a verified exposure to a person with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on the Infectious Diseases Act, all individuals with either an infection or exposure are imposed to a mandatory home isolation or home quarantine, respectively, by a communicable disease control physician. All Sars-CoV-2 infected persons are immediately interviewed for contact tracing. A close contact (≥15 min) with an infected person is defined as an exposure. The sampling was conducted between 12 May and 23 June 2020. In practice, sampling began immediately after obtaining the study permit and ended when the first wave of the epidemic subsided.
Effectiveness of Village Health Volunteer Parallel Program for Proactive Action to Reduce Risk Factors for Cholangiocarcinoma in Two High-Risk Countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Nopparat Songserm, Sureerat Butprom, Comsun Thongchai, Monthicha Ruksilp, Pattaraporn Charoenbut, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Timith Souvanaa, Vanida Buonhoseng, Akhtar Ali
Surveillance, prevention, investigation, and emergency response of international communicable diseases carried out by public health agencies in the twin cities of GMS have long been known, especially infectious diseases that are major public health problems along the border such as dengue hemorrhagic fever, malaria, and tuberculosis (11, 12). It is an essential role of the international communicable disease control checkpoint that must be implemented following International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR 2005) (13, 14). One example of successful communicable disease prevention is that village health volunteers (VHVs) play an essential role in the operation (15, 16). Will it be helpful if this model is applied to non-communicable diseases caused by behavior with a broad regional impact, such as GMS, where people have similar lifestyles and consumption habits?
Antimicrobial resistance and the post antibiotic era: better late than never effort
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Prashant Chandra, Unnikrishnan mk, Vandana ke, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, Dinesh Acharya U, Surulivel Rajan M, Rajesh V
ICMR and FAO-ICAR have attempted policy interventions, but without a breakthrough. Tackling AMR is a cross-sectoral issue that requires amending multiple policies by different players from diverse domains such as health care the pharmaceutical industry, and environmental bodies (sewage and effluent treatment), in addition to the purposeful regulatory grip over livestock feeds. AMR begins with the regulatory control on the manufacture, sales, and prescription guidelines for antibiotics, including measures to ban the manufacture, sale, and prescriptions of unapproved antibiotics (FDCs and single-dose formulations). Strengthening communicable disease control programs should focus on water and sanitation, isolate infected patients, and improve personal hygiene by increasing community awareness.