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Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
J. Kiffin Penry, J. Christine Dean
The experimental effects of vagal stimulation relevant to the use of the NCP include modulation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in sleep states, EEG synchronization, and desynchronization. High frequency vagal stimulation can produce orbital frontal cortex fast activity (1). Varying the intensity and frequency stimulation may block sleep spindle occurrence during slow wave sleep (2).
History of Neurofeedback
Published in Hanno W. Kirk, Restoring the Brain, 2020
Once this association was firmly established, Sterman made the food reward conditional on the appearance of such an SMR-burst. All the cat had to do was to compose itself in a state of quiet anticipation. As hunters, this comes naturally to them. Beautiful learning curves were acquired over a period of some weeks to months. Reinforcement on the waking SMR spindles was found to increase sleep spindle density and improve sleep efficiency.4 Controlled experiments followed, with both a balanced reversal design and an extinction design, to prove unambiguously that operant conditioning of the SMR bursting pattern had occurred.
Normal Sleep
Published in Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam, Clinical Atlas of Polysomnography, 2018
Ravi Gupta, S. R. Pandi Perumal, Ahmed S. BaHammam
Sleep spindles are 10-14 Hz frequency sinusoidal waves lasting for at least 0.5 seconds (Figure 1.5). These are seen during N2 sleep and are generated by burst firing of the thalamocortical relay neurons and reticular neurons. These sleep spindles are transmitted to the cortex through relay neurons. Connections between various pyramidal cells in the cortex spread them to the widespread cortical areas. Sleep spindles result in hyperpolarization of relay neurons and thus prevent the peripheral sensations from reaching to the cortex. Thus, they help in maintaining sleep.
Sleep Behaviors and Handedness in Gifted and Non-Gifted Children
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Joseph M. Piro, Camilo Ortiz, Lynne Manouvrier
Other studies have looked at sleep spindles, which are brief bursts of brainwave activity occurring, typically, during stage 2 sleep and visible on an EEG, as a physiological biomarker of fluid and crystallized intelligence and a window into cortical ability (Gruber et al., 2013; Ricci et al., 2021). In a study by Ujma, Sándor, Szakadát, Gombos, and Bódizs (2016), which examined the relationship between sleep spindles and intelligence in young children (n = 28 children; range 4–8 years of age; 54% girls), some provocative findings emerged. Results demonstrated that while the presence of sleep spindles in males might best function as a maturational marker, in females they might be an indication of trait-like intelligence. Hoedlmoser et al. (2014) also discovered higher slow spindle activity among 63 children (55% boys) who scored in the upper ranges of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) leading them to assert that spindle activity “in children is strongly associated with general cognitive abilities as measured by the WISC-IV” (p. 1508). Outside of studies such as these, sleep behaviors in young gifted children remains an underexplored research topic
Disorders of sleep and wakefulness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a systematic review
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2021
Diana Lucia, Pamela A. McCombe, Robert D. Henderson, Shyuan T. Ngo
The studies without controls also reported impairments to sleep microstructure and architecture among ALS patients. A study in 2009 (7) confirmed sleep abnormalities in all eleven patients assessed. Normal REM sleep was only observed in three patients, and this was independent of diaphragmatic function. A subsequent study (22) reported the absence of sleep spindles in four out of eight patients, and irregular non REM and REM sleep in all patients. A 2019 study assessing sleep in 42 ALS patients reported significant sleep alterations in all patients, with a decrease in total sleep time and sleep efficiency, an increase in nocturnal awakenings, and reduced REM sleep (23). Finally, a study of polysomnograms in 12 ALS patients (14) revealed increased sleep latency, reduced slow-wave sleep, as well as reduced and fractured REM stages, and reduced sleep efficiency.
The Effect of Self-Reported REM Behavior Disorder Symptomology on Intrusive Memories in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Luke J. Ney, Chia Ming K. Hsu, Emma Nicholson, Daniel V. Zuj, L. Clark, Birgit Kleim, Kim L. Felmingham
Disruption to sleep quality, particularly REM, has been proposed to be an important mechanism in the development of intrusive memories, which are a core feature of PTSD (APA, 2013; Germain, 2013; Spoormaker & Montgomery, 2008; Stickgold, 2002). REM sleep is believed to be critical to the affective de-coupling and healthy consolidation of memories following an emotional or traumatic experience (Goldstein & Walker, 2014; van der Helm & Walker, 2011). Neuroimaging studies have shown decreased amygdala activity to emotional cues follow REM sleep (van der Helm et al., 2011), and restless REM sleep is associated with higher amygdala reactivity (Wassing et al., 2019). Studies have also shown that the hippocampus, as well as amygdala and vmPFC, are abnormally activated during REM sleep in PTSD (Ebdlahad et al., 2013; Germain et al., 2013), suggesting that brain regions critical to the consolidation and contextualization of trauma memories are impacted during sleep in PTSD (Germain et al., 2013; Nardo et al., 2015). There is additional evidence that PTSD patients have reduced inter-region communication between the amygdala, vmPFC, and hippocampus during REM sleep due to disturbed theta-range frequencies (Cohen et al., 2013; Cowdin, Kobayashi, & Mellman, 2014). Non-REM sleep and some sleep spindle indices are also associated with intrusive memory development (Kleim, Wysokowsky, Schmid, Seifritz, & Rasch, 2016), with both of these aspects of sleep related to memory integration more generally (Tamminen, Lambon Ralph, & Lewis, 2013; Tamminen, Payne, Stickgold, Wamsley, & Gaskell, 2010; Ulrich, 2016).