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Naps
Published in Clete A. Kushida, Sleep Deprivation, 2004
Amber (Tietzel) Brooks, Leon Lack
Taken together, these findings suggest that multiple naps may be effective in offsetting performance impairments during prolonged periods of wakefulness. Furthermore, while monophasic sleep may be superior to polyphasic sleep under conditions of prolonged wakefulness (69), polyphasic sleep schedules may be more effective under conditions of extreme sleep deprivation (54). For a comprehensive review of polyphasic sleep schedules, refer to Ref. 54.
23rd International Symposium on Shiftwork and Working Time: Towards a Global Consensus
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Gregory D Roach, Thomas Kantermann, Drew Dawson, Charli Sargent, Frida Marina Fischer
Karhula et al. (2018) compared the sleep/wake behaviour of 154 permanent night workers with that of 6486 rotational shiftworkers and 2672 non-shiftworkers (day workers) from six hospital districts, using data from the Finnish Public Sector Survey. The proportion of all shifts that were worked at night by permanent night workers, rotational shiftworkers, and day workers was 93%, 11% and 0%, respectively. Despite having to work at night, and presumably having to sleep during the daytime, the amount of sleep obtained by permanent night workers (7.45 h/day) was greater than that obtained by rotational shiftworkers (7.22 h/day) and day workers (7.17 h/day). If possible, it would be interesting to obtain more information from these permanent night workers to determine whether their capacity to cope with night work is due to physiological predispositions (e.g., long circadian period) and/or due to behavioural strategies (e.g., polyphasic sleep). This information could be used to select and/or train others to cope better with night work.
The Association of Daytime Maternal Napping and Exercise With Nighttime Sleep in First-Time Mothers Between 3 and 6 Months Postpartum
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2018
Teresa A. Lillis, Nancy A. Hamilton, Sarah D. Pressman, Christina S. Khou
During the first 3 months postpartum, maternal sleep is primarily disrupted by infants’ polyphasic sleep cycle and nighttime infant care activities (Bruni et al., 2014). Newborn infants establish their circadian rhythm over the first 12 weeks of life primarily through environmental (e.g., sunlight) and person-mediated (e.g., feeding) cues, thus, their sleep during this time is distributed in short (~ 4-hr) intervals over the course of the 24-hr day (Davis, Parker, & Montgomery, 2004). However, as mothers progress through postpartum months 3–6, infants typically begin to have a more consistently nocturnal and predictable sleep pattern with longer stretches of uninterrupted nighttime sleep (Mindell, Kuhn, Lewin, Meltzer, & Sadeh, 2006). Although wrist-actigraphy estimates of maternal Total Sleep Time (TST) during this time appear consistent with “healthy sleep norms” (e.g., 7.2 hr; Dorheim, Bondevik, Eberhard-Gran, & Bjorvatn, 2008; Montgomery-Downs, Insana, Clegg-Kraynok, & Mancini, 2010; Posmontier, 2008), these estimates also indicate a high degree of sleep fragmentation, with an average of 2 hr of Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) per night. This fragmentation could be especially problematic for U.S. women who return to employment during the 3–6-month postpartum period (as maternity leave typically covers 12 weeks of unpaid leave) and have to manage associated daytime consequences of mood deterioration, sleepiness, and fatigue with the demands of a conventional work schedule (Goyal, Gay, & Lee, 2009; Insana & Montgomery-Downs, 2010; Insana, Stacom, & Montgomery-Downs, 2011). Furthermore, experimental sleep literature has shown that the daytime consequences of chronically fragmented sleep are cumulative and do not always immediately resolve in the wake of unrestricted sleep parameters (Van Dongen, Maislin, Mullington, & Dinges, 2003). Thus, during the 3–6-month postpartum period, a new mother might still be experiencing disrupted sleep or may be continuing to cope with the cumulative effects of her early postpartum sleep disruption, regardless of whether or not she has returned to outside employment or her infant has achieved a more consolidated sleep schedule.
The Impact of Maternal Symptoms of Perinatal Insomnia on Social-emotional Child Development: A Population-based, 2-year Follow-up Study
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Ida Adler, Kerstin Weidner, Malin Eberhard-Gran, Susan Garthus-Niegel
Sleep represents an essential biorhythm for optimal recovery of many body functions (Marthinsen et al., 2018); humans have an innate need for sleep, which is intrinsically determined by circadian and endocrine systems (Kumar, 2016; O’Keeffe & St-Onge, 2013). According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, a daily sleep of 7 to 8 hours is recommended for adults to stay healthy (Bliwise et al., 2015). However, sleep disorders belong to the psychosomatic disorders category and they represent a very common health problem in both high and low income countries (Simonelli et al., 2018), whereby insomnia is the most commonly occurring (Santiago et al., 2001). Insomnia is defined as enough time for sleep, but insufficiencies in finding sleep, staying asleep, or in sleeping long enough, resulting in limited performance and well-being (Al-Shajlawi, Hajak & Riemann, 2004). Chronic insomnia and other mental disorders like depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD, or alcohol abuse are closely related, with 70% of patients with mental disorders showing symptoms of insomnia and 31-35% of insomnia patients showing a manifest psychiatric disorder (Möller, 2004). In pregnancy, prevalence of sleep disturbances rises from 13-20% in the first trimester and up to 66-97% in the third trimester (Peter et al., 2007). The increased prevalence of sleep disorders in pregnancies can be explained by various mechanisms, for instance, on the basis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (i.e., increased CRH production by the placenta can lead to a reduction in deep sleep, an increase in light sleep, and an increase in waking phases during the sleep period) (Peter et al., 2007). In addition, during the first trimester women report nausea, vomiting, back pain, and frequent micturition as the cause of reduced sleep quality and insomnia symptoms. During the second and third trimesters fetal movements, heartburn, and snoring, shortness of breath, unfamiliar sleep positions, and fear-filled dreams may further disturb the pregnant woman’s sleep (Peter et al., 2007). After child birth, sleep problems may result from the incongruence of maternal monophasic and child polyphasic sleep-wake rhythms (Bathory & Tomopoulos, 2017), leading to mothers experiencing frequent sleep disturbances, lower sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness. (Huang et al., 2004).