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Sleep–Wake Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Margaret Kay-Stacey, Eunice Torres-Rivera, Phyllis C. Zee
Six major categories of sleep disorders in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition (ICSD-3)2 are discussed in this chapter: Insomnia.Sleep-related breathing disorders.Central disorders of hypersomnolence.Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders.Parasomnias.Sleep-related movement disorders.
Classification of sleep disorders
Published in S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Meera Narasimhan, Milton Kramer, Sleep and Psychosomatic Medicine, 2017
Hypersomnolence disorder requires a 3-month history of excessive sleepiness in the presence of significant distress or other impairment. Objective documentation by electrophysiological tests, such as the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), is not required. This diagnosis is coded along with any other concurrent mental, medical, and sleep disorder. Narcolepsy is defined as recurrent episodes of sleep that occur for at least 3 months along with one of three additional features, such as cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency, or polysomnographic features, either a sleep-onset rapid eye movement period (SOREMP) on a nighttime polysomnogram (PSG) or an MSLT that shows a mean sleep latency of 8 minutes or less and two or more SOREMPs. So narcolepsy can be diagnosed in DSM-V if just sleepiness occurs for 3 months and there is a SOREMP on the nocturnal PSG. This has the potential for leading to errors in diagnosis, as other disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), can produce similar features. Five subtypes of narcolepsy are specified according to: without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency; with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency; autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness and narcolepsy; autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity and type 2 diabetes; or secondary to another medical condition.
Long-term discharge planning in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Susan M. Ashley
Sleep disturbance is a relatively common complication following TBI. Sleep disturbance can be manifest in three primary problems (although a multitude of problems can be encountered): 1) sleep apnea/hypopnea, 2) periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and 3) hypersomnolence (excessive daytime sleepiness). Interruption of sleep is a fairly common complaint following TBI and may be related to routine, diet, psychological issues, or sleep hygiene. Education should be provided regarding each of these impacts to the injured person and his or her caregivers as they may be most easily addressed. More complicated issues, such as sleep apnea/hypopnea, PLMD, and hypersomnolence, will require medical interventions. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to thoroughly review sleep disorders. Rather, the intent is to review some of the more common issues that may be encountered following TBI.
Treatment of sleep disturbance following stroke and traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of conservative interventions
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Alex Lowe, Mark Bailey, Terry O’Shaughnessy, Vladimir Macavei
Initial screening was performed by one author (A.L.) to remove duplicates and articles with publication types or study populations that were not of interest. Two authors (A.L. and M.B.) then independently assessed all remaining articles for relevance by reviewing publication titles and abstracts after a training session together. Articles were included in the systematic review following a discussion between these authors. A third author was to be consulted (V.M.) in the event an agreement was unable to be made. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are shown in Table 1. Articles were included if they were published (or in press) original experimental studies that assessed a conservative intervention to improve the sleep or a sleep disorder of adults with a history of stroke (involving the brain) or TBI, in either a hospital or community setting. Articles were excluded if they only reported on excessive daytime sleepiness, unless other sleep disorders were excluded according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders–3rd edition, as a central disorder of hypersomnolence can only be made if a patient’s hypersomnia cannot be “attributable to another sleep disorder” [6].
Potential Maladaptive Sleep-Related Cognitions in Depression with Comorbid Hypersomnolence: An Exploratory Investigation
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2021
Jesse David Cook, Meredith Ellen Rumble, Kieulinh Michelle Tran, David Thomas Plante
Despite the primary emphasis placed on the relationship between insomnia and depression, a sizable minority of patients with depression will experience hypersomnolence, broadly characterized by the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), with normal to prolonged sleep duration, rather than insomnia (Kaplan & Harvey, 2009). As a symptom, hypersomnolence can also occur across a range of neurological, medical, and other psychiatric disorders. Similar to patients with insomnia, persons with hypersomnolence are extremely burdened by their symptoms, which often translates into significantly impaired functionality, poor socio-economic outcomes, negative health implications, and a deteriorated quality of life (Bayon, Léger, & Philip, 2009; Billiard & Dauvilliers, 2001; Ingravallo et al., 2012; Khan & Trotti, 2015; Ozaki et al., 2012; Sowa, 2016). Although it is likely that hypersomnolence and depression share a similar, bidirectional relationship to that of insomnia and depression (Kaplan & Harvey, 2009), no previous investigation has been conducted to assess whether dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions (SRCs) may exist in persons with depression and comorbid hypersomnolence (MDD+/HYP+).
Sleep outcomes in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and contributing factors
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Suzana Djukic, Natalie Lynette Phillips, Suncica Lah
Hypersomnolence, or hypersomnia, is a term used to describe symptoms of excess sleepiness which encompasses prolonged nocturnal sleep or daytime somnolence (i.e. drowsiness), and difficulty awakening (10). The symptoms of hypersomnia that were most commonly observed and included in the meta-analysis were drowsiness and sleeping more than usual. One study assessed the difficulty of awakening, with a prevalence of 78.95% (33).