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Specific causes of automatism
Published in John Rumbold, Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Even though 21 hours sleep deprivation causes psychomotor impairment equivalent to being over the drink drive limit (Dawson and Reid, 1997), there are no specific offences in the UK relating to driving whilst sleep deprived. New Jersey has a law on “drowsy driving”, known as “Maggie’s Law”. Driving whilst fatigued (defined as 24 hours sleep deprivation or more) is an offence. Any deaths resulting from such a state may be classified as vehicular homicide. There has been no ruling in the UK on whether falling asleep at the wheel with no warning in a sleep-deprived individual would still constitute prior fault or not, on the grounds of driving in a dangerous condition (sleep deprivation).
A lack of safety leadership
Published in Tim Marsh, A Definitive Guide to Behavioural Safety, 2017
It didn’t help that he refused to accept any blame for driving while so tired and ascribed the blame to ‘fate’. But, even as we dismiss this bloke’s self-justifying rationale and insulting nonsense, it’s also worth asking ourselves how many of us have fallen asleep at the wheel. Thankfully, it’s usually really briefly and consequence-free, but it’s often because we stayed up late the night before, and not always working. Again, it’s far more effective to deal with the risk by proactively analysing the extent and cause of drowsy driving, which we know to be extremely dangerous.
Behavioral Insomnia of Childhood: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Bedtime Problems and Night Wakings
Published in Mark A. Richardson, Norman R. Friedman, Clinician’s Guide to Pediatric Sleep Disorders, 2016
Sleep problems in children also negatively impact parents and caregivers. For parents who disagree about how to handle a child’s bedtime routine, marital tension may result. This conflict can increase inconsistencies at both bedtime and during the night, perpetuating the child’s sleep difficulties. For children with multiple night wakings, parents are also having multiple night wakings, resulting in increased daytime sleepiness in caregivers. These sleep disruptions may result in poor concentration at work, drowsy driving, or negative mood. Some parents may even develop negative feelings toward a child who is difficult at bedtime or causes disruption to the parent’s sleep. To avoid the unpleasantness of bedtime, parents often prolong the bedtime routine, which only delays the child’s sleep-onset time, perpetuating the negative cycle.
Driving consequences of sleepiness in Canadians with obstructive sleep apnea: A population survey
Published in Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, 2022
M. Povitz, N. Bansback, M. Fenton, F. Almeida, D. Ratycz, N. Huynh, N.T. Ayas, J.A. Chiu, S.R. Pendharkar
Prior studies have assessed the risk of sleepiness by different measures and in different groups. A general estimate is that sleepiness due to any causes accounts for 15-20% of crashes12 although this has not been reassessed at a population level in light of changing demographics and increased diagnosis of OSA.13 A recent American cohort of patients who started CPAP indicated drowsy driving was present in 14% who were started on CPAP, improving to 5.3% with treatment;14 this estimate of drowsy driving is lower than our results although sleepiness may be under-reported in a sleep clinic setting. In a European registry of OSA patients, 6% were found to have had a crash requiring a police officer at the scene,15 which is similar to our report. The systematic review by Tregear et al. reported presence and degree of sleepiness as the main predictors of a crash and also identified OSA severity, hypoxemia, and body mass index (BMI) as other potential contributors.6 The same study did not provide an estimate of the effect of age on crash and sleepiness while driving risk.6 A subsequent systematic review of CPAP effectiveness found a crash risk ratio of 0.28 for CPAP users, although the included studies were of poor quality.16 We were unable to directly assess the effect of treatment on driving since it was not included in the survey.
Which factors contribute to road crashes in non-commercial and commercial vehicles? An examination of administrative data from motorways in Pakistan
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2021
Muhammad Hussain, Jing Shi, Muladilijiang Baikejuli
Factors contributing to road crashes are broadly categorized into drivers, road, vehicle and environmental characteristics (Bener et al., 2007; de Oña et al., 2014). Literature suggested that drivers constitute a major portion of road crashes. Within driver factors, careless driving, drowsy (fatigue) driving and overspeeding are the major factors attributes to road crashes. Careless driving attributes to the driver being irresponsible, having little or no respect for traffic rules, with high attention-seeking and aggressive attitudes, which ultimately lead to the risk of road crashes (Shirmohammadi et al., 2019). Drivers with a reckless driving style are more likely to be distracted (Bener et al., 2006). Drowsy driving is associated with sleepiness and tiredness of the driver. It is well known that drowsy driving is a major indicator of road crashes and road injuries (Herman et al., 2014; Williamson et al., 2014). Also, there is extensive evidence in the literature on the adverse effects of speeding on road safety (Aarts & van Schagen, 2006; Javid & Al-Roushdi, 2019). According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), vehicle malfunction is expected to be a factor in more than 2% of all road crashes. It is obvious that vehicle’s mechanical component failure has an impact on driver and passenger safety.
Altering meal timing to improve cognitive performance during simulated nightshifts
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Charlotte C Gupta, Stephanie Centofanti, Jillian Dorrian, Alison Coates, Jacqueline M Stepien, David Kennaway, Gary Wittert, Leonie Heilbronn, Peter Catcheside, Manny Noakes, Daniel Coro, Dilushi Chandrakumar, Siobhan Banks
Driving can be long and monotonous, and also combines a number of complex cognitive processes. It is a visuospatial task that relies on motor skills, perception, cognitive processing and vigilant attention (George 2004; Jackson et al. 2013). Shiftworkers are often tasked with driving on shift (e.g. taxi drivers, long-haul truck drivers and paramedics). Even for those who do not drive as part of their work, there is also the potential for drowsy driving during the commute to and from work (Dorrian et al. 2008; Lee et al. 2016). In both laboratory and field studies, driving performance, particularly during long, monotonous drives, has been found to be impaired when driving home from a nightshift (Åkerstedt et al. 2010; De Valck et al. 2007; Ftouni et al. 2013) and with increasing sleep pressure (Otmani et al. 2005; Reyner and Horne 1998, 2000). Therefore, the driving performance of shiftworkers is a key concern for safety.