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Substance Use Disorder, Intentional Self-Harm, Gun Violence, and HIV/AIDS
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
There are two viral subtypes of HIV, HIV1 and HIV2. HIV1 is the most common form of the virus, and is responsible for the majority of infections worldwide.8 HIV is transmitted person-to-person through blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, vaginal secretions, rectal fluids, and breast milk. Activities that permit the transmission of HIV include sexual contact including unprotected anal or vaginal sex, sharing of contaminated needles and syringes for the injection of drugs, blood transfusions, unsterile procedures (e.g. cutting or piercing), and accidental needle sticks among healthcare workers.9 Additionally, HIV can pass from mother to child during pregnancy and delivery.9 HIV is not transmitted through saliva, sweat, or tears; however, universal precautions should be practiced in the same manner for individuals with a known or suspected diagnosis of HIV, as for all individuals.
Male methods
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
The efficacy of coitus interruptus is variable but it can with careful and consistent use be as high as 96% effective in preventing pregnancy. However, the figure may be as low as 81% with less careful and committed use (Clubb & Knight, 1996). Another reason why this method may fail is the presence of sperm in pre-ejaculate.
Contraception Across the Reproductive Life-Course
Published in Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz, Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
Breastfeeding (‘lactational amenorrhoea method’) is a globally important method of contraception. It can be used up to the first six months after childbirth and before the first menstrual period, but strict attention must be paid to breastfeeding frequency to ensure intervals of less than four hours (six hours at night) between feeds (Vekemans, 1997). Withdrawal is widely used across the globe and, although it appears to be successful, long-term users require control and commitment by the male partner, and it can fail if sperm are present in the pre-ejaculate.
We’re Teaching About Condoms All Wrong: How Sex Educators Reinforce Negative Attitudes and Misinformation About Condoms and How to Change That
Published in American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2021
In the 1990s and early 2000s some researchers took on the subject with mixed results. For a while, the best information said there was no sperm in precum then new information said there might be. This went back and forth for some time. In 2011, Killick et al. published research that found an even more complicated answer: it depends. Their study analyzed samples of pre-cum and found that in 41% of men it contained sperm (meaning in 59% it did not). The men in this study had urinated numerous times to clean their urethras before the precum was collected. The researchers concluded that some men leak sperm as part of pre-ejaculate, and some men don’t (Killick et al., 2011).
UK guidelines for the medical and laboratory procurement and use of sperm, oocyte and embryo donors (2019)
Published in Human Fertility, 2021
Helen Clarke, Shona Harrison, Marta Jansa Perez, Jackson Kirkman-Brown
In order to minimize the risk of transmission of viral infections all prospective donors should screen negative for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 & -2, Human T Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)-1 & -2 and Hepatitis B (HBV) & C (HCV) prior to donation (The Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs, 2017):Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 1 & 2 is a retrovirus that causes HIV infection which without treatment leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with, or transfer of, blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant through breast milk. An HIV-positive mother can transmit HIV to her baby both during pregnancy and childbirth due to exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.Human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) 1 & 2. HTLV-1 is human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, a virus that has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, and as a virus cancer link for leukaemia. HTLV-1 infection is thought to spread only through dividing cells. HTLV-2 is closely related to HTLV-1 and may be linked to Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The most important routes of HTLV transmission are from mother to child and predominantly through breastfeeding, sexual intercourse, and blood contact, including the transfusion of infected cellular products or sharing of needles and syringes.Hepatitis B (HBV) is a virus carried in the blood and body fluids which infects and damages the liver and is the most widespread form of hepatitis worldwide.Hepatitis C (HCV) is a virus that is carried in the blood and body fluids which infects and damages the liver.