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Global and regional initiatives to prevent HIV among adolescents and youth
Published in Kaymarlin Govender, Nana K. Poku, Preventing HIV Among Young People in Southern and Eastern Africa, 2020
Tamar Gabelnick, Rhoda Igweta, Maryanne Ombija
This marked gender disparity is linked to many socio-economic factors, including legal and societal inequalities and harmful gender norms. AGYW still experience “alarmingly high” levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) (UNAIDS and UNICEF, 2015) and child marriage, both of which raise the risk of HIV infection (Jewkes et al., 2010). Reported rates of IPV among ever-married women in SSA range between 20% and 50% in 18 high-prevalence states (UNAIDS and UNICEF, 2015). Child marriage rates in ESA were 35% in 2016, including around 9% who married before age 15 (UNICEF, 2018b) (refer to Chapter 7).
Challenges Facing the American Healthcare System
Published in Kant Patel, Mark Rushefsky, Healthcare Politics and Policy in America, 2019
Although males represent a larger proportion of the US workforce, female workers represent the majority in 25 of the 30 health occupations analyzed by the HRSA. However, women are underrepresented in certain health occupations—Dentists (27.4 percent), chiropractors (28.2 percent), physicians (34.9 percent), and optometrists (40.1 percent). Women are also underrepresented in EMTs, and among paramedics (Health Resources and Services Administration 2017). Similarly, fewer than 6 percent of urologists are women despite the fact that women constitute 30 percent of the patients. The fact that patients often exhibit a preference to receive care from physicians of the same gender, especially in certain subspecialties like urology, tends to contribute to gender disparity (McDevitt and Roberts 2014).
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Published in David S. Cooper, Jennifer A. Sipos, Medical Management of Thyroid Disease, 2018
Carolyn Maxwell, Jennifer A. Sipos
Gender is an important prognostic factor for thyroid cancer; recurrence and mortality rates are higher in men than in women (150). Ten-year cancer-specific mortality rates for PTC among men and women older than 40 years are 13% and 7%, respectively. Compared with women at the time of diagnosis, men have higher rates of extrathyroidal tumor (51% vs. 39%), including more regional metastases (40% vs. 32%), and twice the rate of distant metastases (9% vs. 4%) (3). The reason for this gender disparity is unclear.
Androgen receptor, a possible anti-infective therapy target and a potent immune respondent in SARS-CoV-2 spike binding: a computational approach
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Ashfaq Ahmad, Zhandaulet Makhmutova, Wenwen Cao, Sidra Majaz, Amr Amin, Yingqiu Xie
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic a plethora of studies have emerged investigating the pathophysiology of this global health crisis. Among them substantial amounts of studies have linked gender disparity with the higher risk of hospitalization and mortality among male population particularly [1]. Androgens are presented in both males and females and their production changes with puberty. Androgen signaling is essential for maintenance of male reproductive tissues, whereas dysregulation in androgen receptor (AR) is directly involved in prostate cancer progression. Moreover, transcriptional regulation of AR has also been implicated in viral infections [2–4]. Due to the fact that the rate of prepubertal mortality is low in COVID-19 patients, the increased disease severity in males was linked to androgen sensitivity. Moreover, a concomitant elevation of the transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) [5,6] could put men with prostate cancer at an increased risk of contracting COVID-19. Androgen has also been shown to regulate ACE2 expression [3]. In fact, it has been shown that AR potentially regulates SARS-CoV-2 receptor and cofactors in human lung and prostate cells. Thus, androgen deprivation can regulate TMPRSS2 and ACE2, particularly in the lung [7].
Family support and psychological distress among commuter college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Jennifer Parker, Abigail Yacoub, Sahira Mughal, Fadi Mamari
The gender disparity, while alarming, was not surprising. Females’ significantly higher distress scores correspond with a vast diversity of literature that documents college females’ higher distress compared to males.5,43,59–63 The explanations for the gender gap in mental health vary and include issues related to unequal resources,64 lack of social support,65 sexual violence,66–69 self-esteem,60 maltreatment histories,70 self-destructive behaviors,71 body dissatisfaction72–74 and physical health.65 In this study, the gender disparity places the average female in the “high distress” category and the average male in the “moderate distress” category. This distinction means that the average female in this study is at risk of having a mental health problem, while the average male is not. The overrepresentation of females among low-income participants should be noted, as it likely reflects on demographic shifts in the college population at large in the way that women from low-income families have been outpacing poor men in college enrollments.46
Empirically derived food-based dietary inflammatory index is associated with increased risk of psychological disorders in women
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Asma Salari-Moghaddam, Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli, Hamid Afshar, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Peyman Adibi
We found a gender difference in the association between FDII and psychological disorders. In line with our findings, a cross-sectional study reached significant associations between inflammatory potential of the diet and depression in women only [7]. Akbaraly et al. [30] reported that 1-SD increase in DII score was associated with 66% increase in the chance of having depressive symptoms in women, but they did not find any significant associations in men. However, Sanchez et al. [31] observed a significant positive association between DII score and depression in either gender. All these studies have used nutrient-based DII rather than FDII; therefore, our findings might not be comparable to these publications. Some explanations for the gender disparity in our study might be the cross-sectional nature of the study and a greater prevalence of psychological disorders among women than men [1]. In addition, sex differences in neurological disorders arise from a combination of hormonal and genetic factors [32]. Another point that might help explaining this finding is that the empirically derived FDII in the current study was done based on our previous study which was confined to women only. Consumption of foods or food groups might be different between men and women. However, as Iranians mostly consume meals together in the family, there is a great similarity in the composition of dietary intakes, despite differences in portion sizes, in men and women. This is why we applied the constructed index in women only to the whole population in the current study.