China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Special Senses
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kenneth A. Schafer, Oliver C. Turner, Richard A. Altschuler
The ear can be divided into three parts: the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear consists of the pinna (auricle) and the external ear canal (external auditory meatus), which ends medially at the external surface of the tympanic membrane (ear drum). The structures of the external ear are supported by auricular cartilage, and the secretions from the sebaceous and ceruminous glands contribute to the formation of cerumen. In rodents, Zymbal’s gland is a sebaceous gland located anterior and ventral to the external ear canal. Pathologic changes of the external ear can involve the skin or specific structures of the external ear (Kelemen 1978). Inflammation of the external auditory canal is usually not an issue in toxicologic studies unless clinical signs, such as shaking of the head or ear scratching, are observed. When inflammation does occur, it is characterized by thickening of the wall of the external auditory canal from edema, and the presence of a tan or brown crusty exudate within the canal (Gad 2007). One cause can be ear mites (e.g., Psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits or Otodectes cynotis in dogs). Auricular chondritis is a spontaneous condition reported in several strains of rats that appears as nodular or diffuse thickening of the pinna by granulomatous inflammation of fibrochondrous to chondroosseous tissue (Chiu 1991; Kitagaki et al. 2003). Differential diagnoses include chondrolysis and neoplasms.
Foot and ankle
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Septic arthritis in the foot or ankle is rare except in diabetic patients and constitutes a surgical emergency; when it occurs it usually follows a surgical procedure but it can also arise as a result of haematogenous spread. Treatment is immediate surgical drainage and administration of appropriate high-dosage antibiotics once cultures are obtained. The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) becoming more common. Even with prompt treatment chondrolysis often occurs and subsequent degenerative changes develop rapidly.
Advances in slipped upper femoral epiphysis
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
Kishan Gokaraju, Nimalan Maruthainar, M. Zahid Saeed
The displacement in a SUFE may be slow to progress, with minimal symptoms, but alternatively may slip further, increasing pain and affecting function. With increasing metaphyseal displacement, both function of the growth plate and the blood supply to the epiphysis are threatened. If chronic or missed, the natural progression is for a callus to form at the site of the slip within the stripped periosteum and eventually ossify. This hump of bone may impinge on the acetabulum in later life, giving rise to the cam lesion described in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) [3]. In addition, there is a direct association of chondrolysis and subsequent osteoarthritis with the severity of the slip.
The Effect of Pre-emptive Dexketoprofen Administration on Postoperative Pain Management in Patients with Ultrasound Guided Interscalene Block in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
U. Demir, I. Ince, M. Aksoy, A. Dostbil, M. A. Arı, M. M. Sulak, M. Kose, M. Tanios, O. Ozmen
We therefore used ultrasonography-guided ISB, and no complications were encountered. Glenohumeral chondrolysis (necrosis and damage in cartilage) may develop following shoulder arthroscopy and consequently leading to severe complications. In a case series from 2009, Baillie et al. investigated the etiology of 23 cases of chondrolysis observed after shoulder arthroscopy in 2005–2006 and reported that this may be caused by high doses of intra-articular local anesthetics (IA LA) [17]. Several regional anesthesia techniques have been reported for arthroscopic shoulder surgeries, including ISB, supraclavicular block, IA LA, suprascapular block, and suprascapular + axillary nerve block where it became the point of interest of many research. Previous literature review found that ISB is superior to other techniques in terms of providing surgical anesthesia, quality of postoperative analgesia, duration of analgesia and analgesia requirements, patient satisfaction, and involving only a single needle insertion. Furthermore, the application of ISB together with ultrasonography has become more reliable with high success rates and low complication rates [18].
Intra-articular versus intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in arthroscopic knee surgeries under local anesthesia: A prospective randomized study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2018
Reem Abdelraouf Elsharkawy, Tarek Habeeb Ramadan, Mohamed Aboelnour Badran
However some studies claims that the intra-articular injection of local anesthetics had deleterious effect to the chondrocyte. Dragoo et al. [25] showed that a single dose of 1% lidocaine in vitro resulted in significant decrease in chondrocyte viability. Breu et al. [26] showed that the local anesthetics either ropivacaine, bupivacaine or mepivacaine had toxic effects on the cartilage tissue, the toxicity depends on the method of drug administration, concentration and time. Piper et al. [27], had a review study searching for the relation between the intra-articular local anesthetics and chondrolysis and, they found single injection with caution over 10min is recommended. Until now there is ongoing search for an ideal drug or technique characterized with simplicity and providing the patients with postoperative analgesia with prolonged duration and with no side effects.
Comparison between modified Dunn procedure and in situ fixation for severe stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2018
Giovanni Trisolino, Stefano Stilli, Giovanni Gallone, Pedro Santos Leite, Giovanni Pignatti
In S, 1 case (7%; CI 4–36) developed chondrolysis 3 months after surgery, with severe pain, stiffness, and limping that did not regress at 3 years’ follow-up; the patient finally underwent THR elsewhere, 3 years after S. 3 other cases (21%; CI 6–51) developed symptomatic FAI with pain, stiffness, poor range of motion, and limping: one patient underwent sub-capital osteotomy by mean of surgical dislocation 1.2 year after S; the patient further developed septic nonunion, requiring THR 3 years after S. Another patient underwent femoral osteochondroplasty and labral repair 2.9 years after S. Finally, 1 patient was scheduled for corrective osteotomy but refused the operation at the latest follow-up visit.