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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
In males, bulbospongiosus is comprised of two parts joined by a median fibrous raphe (Standring 2016). The fibers blend with the perineal body and are attached to the superficial transverse perineal muscle and the external anal sphincter (Standring 2016). The middle fibers encircle the bulb of the penis and corpus spongiosum (Standring 2016). The anterior fibers extend over and insert partly into the sides of the corpus cavernosum, and also partially insert into a tendinous expansion over the dorsal vessels of the penis (Standring 2016). In females, bulbospongiosus attaches to the perineal body but the muscle on each side of the body is separate (Standring 2016). It covers the superficial portions of the vestibular bulbs and greater vestibular glands (Standring 2016). It attaches onto the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (Standring 2016).
Anatomy of the vulva
Published in Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach, The Vulva, 2017
Aikaterini Deliveliotou, George Creatsas
The vestibular bulbs are the homologues of the bulb and adjoining part of the corpus cavernosum urethrae of the male. They consist of two elongated masses of erectile tissue situated on either side of the vaginal orifice and are united to each other in front by a narrow median band termed the pars intermedia. Each lateral mass measures approximately 2.5 cm in length. The distal ends of the vestibular bulbs are adjacent to Bartholin’s glands, whereas the proximal ends are tapered and joined to one another by the pars intermedia. Their deep surfaces are in contact with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. Each bulb is immediately below the bulbocavernosus muscle.
Episiotomy and Perineal Repair
Published in Linda Cardozo, Staskin David, Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
Ranee Thakar, Christine Kettle
PerineAl trAumA resulting from childbirth remAins A common problem [2] thAt cAuses A significAnt increAse in mAternAl morbidity And mAy Also hAve devAstAting effects on fAmily life And sexuAl relAtionships. More thAn 85% of women sustAin perineAl trAumA After childbirth [3], And up to two-thirds need suturing [2]. PerineAl pAin And discomfort Affect up to 42% of women At 10 dAys postpArtum, And in 10% of women, these problems persist At 18 months following childbirth [4]. Moreover, up to 58% of women experience superficiAl dyspAreuniA At 3 months postpArtum [5]. This chApter covers the mAnAgement And repAir of episiotomy And first- And second-degree teArs. Preventive meAsures Are Also discussed. AnAtomy of the Perineum The perineum corresponds to the outlet of the pelvis And is somewhAt lozenge-shAped. The perineum cAn be divided into two triAngulAr pArts by drAwing A line trAnsversely between the ischiAl tuberosities. The Anterior triAngle, which contAins the urogenitAl orgAns, is known As the urogenitAl triAngle, And the posterior triAngle, which contAins the terminAtion of the AnAl cAnAl, is known As the AnAl triAngle. UrogenitAl TriAngle The muscles Are clAssified into A superficiAl And A deep group relAtive to the perineAl membrAne. The bulbospongiosus, superficiAl trAnsverse perineAl, And the ischiocAvernosus muscles lie in the superficiAl compArtment (Figure 92.1). The bulbospongiosus muscle encircles the vAginA And inserts Anteriorly into the corporA cAvernosA clitoridis. Posteriorly, some of its fibers mAy merge with those of the superficiAl trAnsverse perineAl muscle And Also with the externAl AnAl sphincter. beneAth the bulbospongiosus muscles lie the vestibulAr bulbs Anteriorly And the bArtholin's glAnds posteriorly. The bArtholin's glAnd is A peA-shAped structure And its duct opens At the introitus just distAl to the hymen At the junction of the upper two-thirds And the lower one-third of the lAbiA minorA. The deep trAnsverse perineAl muscle lies below the perineAl membrAne. It is thin And difficult to delineAte And hence some Authors deny the existence of this muscle [6].
Maintaining sexual function after pelvic floor surgery
Published in Climacteric, 2019
The female external genitalia consist of the labia (majora and minora), vestibule (interlabial space), and female erectile organs including the clitoris and vestibular bulbs. The clitoris comprises an outer glans, a middle corpus, and an inner crura, and the vestibular bulbs are erectile tissue located on either side of the female urethra. During sexual stimulation, the clitoris, labia minora, and vestibular bulbs become engorged. This results in increased lubrication, vaginal wall engorgement, and an increase in clitoral length and diameter. At the neurogenic level, nitric oxide, phosphodiesterase-V, and vasoactive intestinal peptide are believed to play a role in addition to the effect of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. The pelvic floor, on the other hand, forms the outlet of the bony pelvis and supports the abdominal and pelvic organs, maintains continence of urine and stool, and allows intercourse and parturition. It is formed by the levator ani muscle, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal membrane. The perineal membrane, consisting of the ischiocavernous, bulbocavernous, and superficial transverse perineal muscles, has a crucial role in sexual response.
The comparison of sexual function in women with or without experience of female genital circumcision: A case-control study in a Kurdish region of Iran
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Shahla Shafaati Laleh, Azam Maleki, Vida Samiei, Ghodratollah Roshanaei, Farzaneh Soltani
In our study, no significant difference was found between two groups regarding to arousal, desire and orgasm of women. All circumcised females in our study had the first-grade genital circumcision, in which the external part of the clitoris, which forms a small part of the organ, is cut off. It should be remembered that in these females, some other erectile organs such as minor labia, vestibular bulbs, along with corpus spongiosum, which are congested during arousal and erectile, have not been excluded. Even an interesting idea from some researchers (e.g. Lightfoot-Klein, 1989) suggests that sexual sensations in circumcised female are likely to shift from sensitive areas such as clitoris and labia to other areas of the body(Lightfoot-Klein, 1989).