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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Epididymis − a tightly coiled and compressed tube.Divided into caput (head), corpora (body), and cauda (tail).Main site of mature sperm storage.Continues as the vas deferens.
Nucleic Acids as Therapeutic Targets and Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
As a class, the short-term side effects of DNA-interactive drugs include alopecia (hair loss), GI toxicity (often mucositis and diarrhea), and, more seriously, reversible bone marrow suppression, which is usually the dose-limiting toxicity. However, two other potentially longer-term problems can result. First, gametogenesis can be affected, and so sperm storage is now recommended in young male patients prior to treatment. Similarly, procedures that allow ovarian tissue to be stored have now been developed for women (see Chapter 1), although this is technically more challenging. Second, treatment with DNA-interactive agents, particularly in combination with radiotherapy, can increase the risk of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurring later in life, presumably due to the DNA damage caused by these treatments. Finally, it is worth noting that there are some significant drug interactions with this class of agents, for example, concomitant use with clozapine can increase the risk of agranulocytosis.
Equine Semen Preservation: Current and Future Trends
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Lydia Gil Huerta, Cristina Álvarez, Victoria Luño Lázaro
Cryopreservation is the only viable method for sperm storage during indefinite periods of time (Gibb and Aitken, 2016). However, freezing-thawing process produces several detrimental effects on the gametes such us loss on sperm viability and motility due to membrane damage caused by the production of ROS, interruption of the membrane functionality as result of separation of lipid bilayers, changes in water transport properties, and alteration in calcium channels (Hammerstedt et al., 1990; Kodoma et al., 1996; Watson, 2000). It also causes damage to the cytoskeleton, in the flagellum, in the acrosome with reduction of the acrosomal integrity, modifications in the head and in the subacrosomal space, in the DNA status, in the genes essential for fertilization and in normal embryonic development (Amann and Pickett, 1987; Valcarce et al., 2013). As a result of these alterations and modifications on sperm, the response to osmotic stress changes and the survival life in the female genital tract might reduce (Flesch and Gadella, 2000). The osmotic stress is due to the extracellular ice crystals development during the cooling process that produces a great increase in the osmolarity of the remaining liquids surround or inside the sperm (Amann and Pickett, 1987).
A nationwide UK survey of female fertility preservation prior to cancer treatment
Published in Human Fertility, 2018
Yazan Abdallah, Jonathan Briggs, Joshua Jones, Gregory Horne, Cheryl Fitzgerald
Given the funding issues highlighted by this study, women may also refuse referral because of financial concerns. There may also be good clinical reasons why oncologists decide against referral in certain patients. In some circumstances, for example patients with acute leukaemia, the immediacy of treatment makes a significant prognostic difference (Sekeres et al., 2009) and therefore although sperm storage is possible, there is not time for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. However, oncologists often lack awareness of fertility preservation options, overestimate the time frames necessary (and the potential risks) and underestimate the chance of a pregnancy after treatment. Our own experience with oncology colleagues has highlighted the importance of close collaboration between oncology and fertility services both to ensure that healthcare professionals in oncology are fully aware of all options as well as ensuring smooth referral pathways.