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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Kidneys and Ureters
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Paul Sturch, Sanjeev Madaan, Seshadri Sriprasad
The intermediate mesoderm forms a urogenital ridge on either side of the aorta.The pronephros is the first structure to develop.It acts as a blueprint for the subsequent formation of the renal tract.
Late-Gestation and Third Trimester
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The urinary system, comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra are responsible for the production and release of urine (2). Mammalian renal development which includes the differentiation from pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros; the metanephros persists as the definitive adult kidney, and has a branched collecting duct system and many nephrons (3,4).
Approaches to Studying Polycystic Kidney Disease in Zebrafish
Published in Jinghua Hu, Yong Yu, Polycystic Kidney Disease, 2019
Regardless of the simple structure and quick development of the zebrafish pronephros, the function of the kidney as well as the molecular mechanisms of the kidney development and diseases, especially PKD, are quite conserved between zebrafish and mammals. On the one hand, disease-causal genes in PKD patients also lead to PKD in zebrafish when mutated. On the other hand, PKD-causal genes first identified in zebrafish, except for primary cilia dyskinesia (PCD) genes, also lead to the clinical discovery that they also lead to PKD in humans when mutated. Thus, the zebrafish provides an excellent vertebrate model to study PKD.
Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Joseph M. Chambers, Rebecca A. Wingert
Following IM specification, the progression of vertebrate renal development involves the stepwise generation and degeneration of several kidney forms: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Each kidney iteration develops along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis, where each subsequent version becomes more structurally complex than the previous structure. The pronephros emerges first, and while it is vestigial/nonfunctional in mammals, it is functional in other vertebrates such as fish and frogs.23 The mesonephros is further developed and partially functional in mammals, while serving as the final kidney form in amphibians and fish.24 However, the fully formed and functional version of this vital organ in mammals is the metanephros, which develops through branching morphogenesis events that result in an arborized structure essential for fluid homeostasis. Importantly, all three vertebrate kidney forms share the overall structure of the kidney’s functional unit: the nephron. Broadly, the nephron is composed of a blood filter, a segmented tubule, and a collecting duct system to shuttle urine to the bladder.
Cathelicidin attenuates hyperoxia-induced kidney injury in newborn rats
Published in Renal Failure, 2019
Hsiu-Chu Chou, Chung-Ming Chen
The mammalian kidney develops in three successive phases after embryogenesis: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros phases. Nephrogenesis is complete by the 36th week of gestation in humans. In rodents, which have short gestation periods, the nephrogenesis is incomplete at birth and during the first postnatal 10 d [24]. Many preterm infants need high concentration of oxygen to treat respiratory distress at birth. Thus, newborn rats offer a useful model for studies of kidney development. In this study, we found rats reared in hyperoxia and treated with NS or cathelicidin exhibited significantly lower body weights on postnatal day 7 than did the RA-reared rats treated with NS or cathelicidin. The effects of cathelicidin administration on body weights have not been reported. Our study found that rats reared in hyperoxia exhibited respiratory distress, which may inhibit sucking mother's milk and reduced body weights.
Immunohistochemical Panels to Evaluate Important Immunophenotypes of Human Mesonephros
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Ping L. Zhang, Jacqueline K. Macknis
Zebrafish pronephros and mesonephros have been extensively studied due to their relatively simple structures [16]. The pronephros has a transitional function and becomes a scaffold for the developing mesonephros. The mesonephros in Zebrafish can develop into many branches of nephrons, which contain the excretory functional capacity in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish mesonephros can regenerate a response to gentamicin induced injury [17]. During the 12 weeks of the mesonephros stage (gestational weeks 4-16), previous studies have implied that human mesonephros could have excretory function [18,19]. There has been no detailed morphologic analysis or immumohistochemical studies using various markers of glomerular and tubular components of human mesonephros.