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Comparative Immunology
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The animals called fish include three very different classes of vertebrates. They include the Agnatha, jawless fish such as the lampreys, and the hagfish. A more developed class is the Chondrichthyes. These are fish with cartilaginous skeletons and include the elasmobranchs such as the skates, rays, and sharks. The most complex are the bony fish of the class Osteicthyes. These include the overwhelming majority of modern fish, the teleosts. Significant differences exist between the immune systems of each of these three classes.
Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
Brain therapy: Lampreys have been reported to help boost brain therapies. The molecules derived from the lampreys’ immune system called “variable lymphocyte receptors” have been reported to carry drugs to the brain, boosting the effectiveness of treatments for brain cancer, brain trauma, or stroke (Cohut, 2019).
The Thymus Gland
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Immune response is an extremely complex series of events in the higher animals, being essentially confined to vertebrates. Invertebrates lack a thymus and also have no recognizable malignancies.277Eptatretus stoutii, a cyclostome (commonly called the “hagfish”, though it is not a fish), is the first living group in chordate evolution to have circulating red blood cells. It is athymic and probably lacks having circulating lymphocytes. The lamprey eel, one rung up the evolutionary ladder, has a protothymus in early life, but lacks organized lymphopoietic tissue.277
The sine qua non of the fish invitrome today and tomorrow in environmental radiobiology
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Radioecological evidence suggests that organisms in wildlife are more radiosensitive than when they are studied in controlled environments in the laboratory (Garnier-Laplace et al. 2013). This is likely due to their exposure to other environmental stressors besides radiation that act as radiosensitizers. Complex mixtures of stressors can be difficult and time-consuming to separate one by one in the field. Conversely, by combining known or suspected stressors one by one with radiation challenge, multiple-stressor studies can be performed more quickly with fish cell lines in the laboratory. The end result is to determine possible outcomes and yield novel observations that can substantiate what is reported in the field. Two recent demonstrations of how fish cell lines can be used in multiple-stressor studies involving radiation were with the RTG-2 and eelB cell lines from rainbow trout and American eel, respectively. RTG-2 was used to study how environmental stressors such as heat shock and a wastewater contaminant can influence radiation responses (Sreetharan et al. 2018). eelB was used to show that the common field lampricide used to kill larval sea lampreys is a potential radiosensitizer for fish (Vo et al. 2019a). Using fish cell lines to study many classes of chemical and physical stressors that have not been systematically investigated in combination with radiation can be a research direction that is worth exploring.
Glia: from ‘just glue’ to essential players in complex nervous systems: a comparative view from flies to mammals
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2018
Even though evidence supports a common origin, it does not mean that some structures or functions of glia may have appeared independently. Myelin is an instructive example of convergent evolution. Early-diverging vertebrates, such as lampreys, do not have myelin while late-diverging vertebrates do. Also, although arthropods such as Drosophila do not develop myelin, other arthropods as the crustacean Copepods have it, albeit not all the species (Davis, Weatherby, Hartline, & Lenz, 1999; Wilson & Hartline, 2011). The myelinated axons of Copepods are a great example of how specialized glial cells can improve success in evolution. These animals have well-developed myelin-like sheaths that reduce significantly the time of reaction to predatory attacks which represents a clear advantage for survival (Buskey, Strickler, Bradley, Hartline, & Lenz, 2017).
How the parcellation theory of comparative forebrain specialization emerged from the Division of Neuropsychiatry at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Some controversies are laid to rest by the recent publications from Grillner and coworkers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm (Grillner and Robertson 2016; Robertson et al. 2014; Suryanarayana et al. 2017, 2020), which have elegantly demonstrated in the lamprey that evolved some 500 million years ago, that lampreys have elements of a primordial neocortex. The results are similar to what I called neocortical equivalents (NE) in sharks, which appeared some 420 million years ago. Their studies showed unequivocally with multiple technologies that distinct visual and somatosensory thalamotelencephallic regions exist in this ancient vertebrate, confirming that the areas must have existed from the beginning of vertebrate evolution. They therefore showed, similar to the shark data (Cohen, Duff, and Ebbesson 1973; Ebbesson and Schroeder 1971; Graeber, Ebbesson, and Jane 1973), that these nonolfactory elements did not invade the telencephalon after elasmobranchs evolved, as Herrick (1948) asserted. These findings from the Grillner group support the conclusion that a visual and a somesthetic pallial area are common features of all vertebrate forebrains, and thus add weight to the theory. Results from studies of the lamprey brain (Suryanarayana et al. 2017, 2020) have shown that individual neurons in the primordial lamprey neocortex respond to primary visual and/or somatosensory input stimulations that are convergent with inputs from the olfactory lobe. These olfactory connections may have been lost by the time of the emergence of sharks and more modern vertebrates. Similar data are not available in other species.