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Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Marie-Noëlle Crépy, Pierre Hoerner
PCV is an economical (cheaper than NBR) and versatile thermoplastic polymer that can be as rigid as industrial pipes or, when formulated with significant amounts of plasticizers, can be as pliable as plastic wrap or as thin and flexible as blood bags or gloves. Phthalates, which used to be the most suitable plasticizers, have been replaced with less toxic substituents such as adipates or vegetal oils. As incineration of PVC generates hydrochloric acid, the use of PVC disposable gloves represents some environmental concerns. PVC is still used for “low price” examination gloves and for some industrial gloves where they provide good protection against many acids, caustics, alkalis, and alcohols. Chemical-resistant PVC gloves offer generally good abrasion resistance but are susceptible to cuts.
Fetal programming
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Katherine E. Pelch, Jana L. Allison, Susan C. Nagel
There are several environmental chemicals that interfere with androgen action. Chemicals that bind to the androgen receptor and prevent androgen action are known as androgen receptor antagonists, including DDE (a metabolite of the pesticide DDT), vinclozolin, a fungicide, and several phthalates. Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid and are used in hundreds of products, including plasticizers, PVC resins, and cosmetic and personal care products such as shampoos and soaps. As of 2004, manufacturers produced about 800 million pounds of phthalates each year. They contribute 10% to 60% of plastic products by weight (167).
Environmental Chemicals and Risk of Uterine Leiomyomata
Published in John C. Petrozza, Uterine Fibroids, 2020
Phthalates are a family of organic chemicals that have been used as plasticizers for polyvinylchloride plastics since the 1930s. They have been widely used in food packaging, medical devices and medications, toys and building materials, as well as cosmetics and personal-care products such as perfume, lotion and nail polish [29]. There is increasing concern that exposure to phthalates may have adverse effects on reproductive health. Studies in experimental animals suggest that phthalates possess endocrine-disrupting properties and can adversely affect reproductive function by altering steroidogenesis [30–38]. In vitro studies indicate that some phthalates have antiestrogenic activities [32,35,38], while others have weak estrogenic activity [39,40], lending biologic plausibility for an effect of phthalates on hormone-responsive conditions such as UL.
Does the environment affect menopause? A review of the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on menopause
Published in Climacteric, 2023
Although rapidly metabolized and excreted, phthalates are ubiquitous in our environment and humans are continually exposed throughout life [12]. Phthalates are commonly used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics; however they are not chemically bound to PVCs, and therefore easily leach out of plastics and into surrounding air, food or other materials [13]. Phthalates can be found in building materials, furniture, clothing, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, dentures, children’s toys, food packaging, automobiles, cleaning materials and insecticides [13]. Low molecular weight phthalates tend to be used in cosmetics and can be dermally absorbed, while high molecular weight phthalates are used to make plastics flexible [13]. There are numerous phthalates in use; di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the older and therefore best-studied compounds, while less is known about the newer compounds such as 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid di-isononyl ester (DINCH), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP) and di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) [14]. Of the EDCs, the phthalate class has been most studied in its relationship with menopause.
The safety of phthalate-containing medications used during pregnancy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Amaan Ali, Jan Stener Jørgensen, Ronald F Lamont
Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemical compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment, due to their widespread use as plasticizers in personal care products, packaging, industrial products, and some medications. Phthalates are not chemically bound with covalent bonds to plastics. Accordingly, they can migrate, leach (a naturally occurring process by which a solute becomes detached or extracted from its carrier substance through a solvent) or vaporize easily [1]. Phthalates enter the body by ingestion, inhalation, or transdermal absorption, and are excreted in feces, sweat, and urine within 24 h of exposure [2]. Most humans have evidence of exposure to phthalates, with phthalate metabolites detected in urine samples in the majority of the general population [3]. The enzymes that catalyze phthalates are cis-4,5-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase [4]. Phthalates can be divided into low and high molecular weight subtypes. The use of high molecular weight phthalates is currently considered safe in industry, but low molecular phthalates are restricted and have been added to the Authorisation List in the European Union, requiring specific authorization prior to use. Phthalates are banned in children’s toys due to the risk of ingestion [5]. Bio-monitoring data from the U.S.A have revealed that children aged 6–11 have the highest concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites. This may be due to exposure to phthalate-containing toys by ingestion, or because, compared to adults, they have a higher surface area compared to weight [6].
Phthalates in commonly used pharmaceuticals
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Şana Sungur, Mutasım Ciran, Muaz Köroğlu, F. Hilmi Turgut
The results obtained showed that the phthalates alone detected in the drugs examined do not pose a risk to human health. However, phthalates tend to accumulate in adipose tissues and organs such as kidneys and lungs in the body. In addition, phthalates are exposed in different ways due to many products in the environment such as cosmetics, personal care products, food packaging, medical materials, and construction and building materials, paints. Considering all these, it may be speculated that the drugs used over the years may pose a health risk. In the same line, Ahern et al. (2019) determined that the risk of developing breast cancer increases by 90% after exposure to 10,000 mg or more in people who use drugs containing dibutyl phthalate for a long time. Kantor et al. (2021) stated that a woman weighing 63.5 kg would be exposed to 10,000 mg of dibutyl phthalate at the end of 43 years with only one drug used per day. As a result, there are many products in the environment that will contribute to phthalate exposure. Today, it is known that phthalate exposure has many negative effects on human health. Since chronic patients are constantly exposed to phthalates with the drugs they have taken, alternatives that can be used instead of phthalates in drugs should be developed urgently.