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Fetal programming
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Katherine E. Pelch, Jana L. Allison, Susan C. Nagel
There are several environmental chemicals that interfere with androgen action. Chemicals that bind to the androgen receptor and prevent androgen action are known as androgen receptor antagonists, including DDE (a metabolite of the pesticide DDT), vinclozolin, a fungicide, and several phthalates. Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid and are used in hundreds of products, including plasticizers, PVC resins, and cosmetic and personal care products such as shampoos and soaps. As of 2004, manufacturers produced about 800 million pounds of phthalates each year. They contribute 10% to 60% of plastic products by weight (167).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Methyl anthranilate (41) is synthesized from either naphthalene (200) or o-xylene (201) as shown in Figure 6.34. Oxidation of either starting material produces phthalic acid (202). Conversion of this diacid to its imide, followed by the Hoffmann reaction, gives anthranilic acid, and the methyl ester can then be obtained by reaction with methanol.
Phthalates
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Plastics are ubiquitous in modern technologies and consumer products. Global production of plastics exceeds 300 million tons annually. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics are rigid and brittle polymers. Plasticizers are materials added to PVC plastics in order to increase the flexibility, fluidity, pliability, elasticity, and/or toughness of the plastics through internal modification of the polymer constituents of the plastics. Phthalate esters (the diesters of phthalic acid) are the most commonly used plasticizers in North America with over 25 different phthalate esters currently used in commercial products. Phthalates are not covalently bound to the polymer matrix of plastics, which makes them highly susceptible to leaching. Phthalates are found in a wide variety of common products, including paints, medical devices, lotion, and perfume; thus, human exposure to phthalates is widespread.
Mechanism of phthalate esters in the progression and development of breast cancer
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohd Mughees, Himanshu Chugh, Saima Wajid
Phthalates are dialkyl/alkyl/aryl-esters of phthalic acid (Brody et al.2007). Since phthalates act as plasticizers, they are often used in manufacturing of lacquer, varnish, vinyl and also, they are used in personal care items such as perfumes, lotions, cosmetics etc. (Brody et al.2007, Martino-Andrade et al.2010). Phthalate ester varies on the basis of their chain size and so their usage (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al.2015). The long-chain phthalates are di (2-ethylexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di (2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP). The short chain phthalates are dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). The long chain phthalates find their primary use in manufacturing of poly vinyl chloride commonly known as PVC, whereas, short chain phthalates are common ingredients for personal care products (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al.2015).
The implication of mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative damage in di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced nephrotoxicity in both in vivo and in vitro models
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Sorour Ashari, Mohammad Karami, Mohammad Shokrzadeh, Morteza Ghandadi, Nasrin Ghassemi-Barghi, Ayat Dashti, Mohammad Ranaee, Hamidreza Mohammadi
Numerous investigations have demonstrated that DEHP and its main metabolism monoethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP) induce serious toxic effects on animal and human organs (Tang et al. 2018, Zhao et al. 2019, Rowdhwal and Chen 2018, Praveena et al. 2018). The potential of DEHP and MEHP to induce or promote nephrotoxicity has been reported in both cellular and animal models (Wu et al. 2018, Wei et al. 2012, Wang et al. 2017, Amara et al. 2019). Nanomolar concentration of MEHP could develop Wilms’ tumor (pediatric kidney cancer) by stimulation of NF-κB pathway (Wang et al. 2017). DEHP (50 mg/kg) increased the renal fibrosis in folic acid-exposed mice, besides, morphology of renal proximal tubular cells changed in treated cells with micromolar concentrations (10–25 μM) of DEHP (Wu et al. 2018). Glomerulonephritis was observed in PPARα-null mice after long exposure to 8 to 11 mg/kg and 42 to 55 mg/kg of DEHP (Kamijo et al. 2007). Early life exposure to DEHP disrupted the development process of the offspring renal, which could lead to renal disease in adulthood (Wei et al. 2012). Although, the number of studies exhibiting the potential of DEHP to induce kidney injury has increased (Li et al. 2018, Chang et al. 2020), the main mechanism is not exactly understood. In the present study, we have shown mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative damage as involved mechanisms in DEHP/MEHP-induced nephrotoxicity.
The effects of prenatal and lactational bisphenol A and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on female reproductive system
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Gizem Ozkemahli, Aylin Balci Ozyurt, Pinar Erkekoglu, Naciye Dilara Zeybek, Nilgun Yersal, Belma Kocer-Gumusel
Plastics are an important component of living. Several plasticizers including phthalates and bisphenols are suggested to cause endocrine disruption. Phthalates are (di-alkyl or alkyl-aryl) di-esters of phthalic acid. These derivatives are used as plasticizers in order to impart flexibility and durability to plastic products (EPA 2016; ATSDR 2019).