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Pregnancy – wanted and unwanted
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
A medical abortion can be carried out if a pregnancy is less than or equal to 63 days’ gestation, which is confirmed by ultrasound scan. It involves, following counselling, the administration of oral mifepristone 200 mg tablets on day 1 with an observation period of two hours. If the woman vomits within this period, then she will have to be referred for a surgical abortion. Some women experience vaginal bleeding and period-like abdominal cramps. Abdominal pain should not be treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, but other analgesics may be given. Contact telephone numbers are given. If heavy bleeding or severe pain is experienced, then clients may need to be admitted earlier.
The Treatment of the Special Forms of Mental Disease
Published in Francis X. Dercum, Rest, Suggestion, 2019
Confusion, confusional insanity, amentia, or Verwirrtheit, as it is variously termed, presents an etiology similar to that of the afebrile deliria. Like the latter, it frequently comes on during the post-febrile period of the acute infectious diseases, for example, typhoid fever. It is seen typically in the confusion which so often follows influenza or which may make its appearance after erysipelas, acute articular rheumatism, the puerperium, profound exhaustion, trauma, surgical shock, etc. Like the afebrile deliria, it may also follow the prolonged abuse of drugs and stimulants. Into its causation there enter, as in delirium, two factors: first, the toxins of infection, or other poisons; and, secondly, persistent exhaustion. Confusion differs from delirium not only in the less violent, less acute character of its symptoms, but also in its duration. As a rule, when once established it lasts many weeks, three or four months being a not uncommon period. There are present, as in delirium, hallucinations and illusions, confusion of thought, and incoherence; hurry of thought is also present, though cerebral activity is never aroused to the same pitch as in delirium.
The Menstrual Cycle
Published in Jane M. Ussher, Joan C. Chrisler, Janette Perz, Routledge International Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2019
The 12-month landmark is a statistical “fact”: 90% of women aged 45 years or older at menopause onset will not experience a further flow (Wallace, Sherman, Bean, Treloar, & Schlabaugh, 1979). That means that 10% of women will bleed again, and as many as 20% of women younger than 45 at menopause may have flow after 12 months of amenorrhea. Asymptomatic menopausal bleeding (in women not taking OHT) is strongly associated with endometrial cancer (Kaaks, Lukanova, & Kurzer, 2002). Women experiencing flow after amenorrhea for 12 months will usually be scheduled for endometrial biopsies to exclude cancer. If women describe cramp-like pelvic pain, sore breasts, nausea, or bloating before flow, they are experiencing a normal flow, as all of those are signs of the higher estrogen levels that triggered the extra menstrual period. Unfortunately for them, the “12-month clock” then starts all over again. Only if they have further flow, within 3 years of the last flow, with no preceding symptoms, should they be investigated for endometrial cancer.
Taking Charge of the Menstrual Cycle: Discourses of Menstruation and the Menstruating Body in Self-Help Literature
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2023
The key idea of the first approach is that the menstrual cycle is a vital sign comparable to heart rate and blood pressure, for example (e.g., Briden, 2018, p. 4; Hendrickson-Jack, 2019, p. 2; Jardim, 2020, p. 3). A consistent menstrual cycle signals the presence of a healthy reproductive system that mirrors the menstruator’s—most often, the woman’s—overall health. The texts describe a normal menstrual cycle as lasting between 24 and 35 days (in some 21–34 days), including “successful” ovulation, two to seven bleeding days, and minimal symptoms before or during the period. Any regular deviations from one’s own normal or, in some cases, a general “optimal” (Hill, 2019, p. 270) are considered at least somewhat problematic and as warranting treatment (e.g., Briden, 2018; Hendrickson-Jack, 2019). Instead of seeing period pain or premenstrual symptoms as normal in a phenotypical female body or as pathological conditions necessitating medications, they are presented as indications of hormonal imbalances (e.g., Hill, 2019, Vitti, 2014), deficiencies, or underlying health conditions that need to be treated (Briden, 2018, p. 87).
“My body is the evidence, assess my health”: Women’s disposable sanitary pads social health movement in Korea
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
In the survey, 82% of participants answered in/decrease menstruation volume as the main symptom. The decrease of menstruation volume was 64%, and the increase was 18%. Another main symptom was the change of period pain (68%). In terms of menstrual pain, the pain increase was 58%, while the decrease was 10%. The other symptoms were the change of menstrual mass blood, change of PMS, change of menstrual blood color, external genital urtication, and eruption (Cho et al., 2018, p. 41). Clinical research results were also very similar to the survey results. The victims' main symptoms were the change of the menstruation cycle (13 people, 26%). And then, change of period pain (12, 24%), change of menstruation volume (10, 20%), external genital itchiness (5, 10%), change of menstrual secretion (2, 4%), vaginitis (2, 4%), change of PMS (2, 4%), menstrual arrhythmia (1, 2%), change of period (1, 2%), change of menstrual blood (1, 2%), external genital pain (1, 2%). In summary, the main symptoms were the change of menstrual cycle, menstrual pain, menstrual period, and external urtication among 80% of participants. The other symptoms were less than 5% (Cho et al., 2018, p. 52).
“But I think there’s always been that stigma”: Adult women’s perceptions of menstrual product advertising
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
Adriana S. Mucedola, Andrea M. Smith
Keeping in line with the conversations above, one subtheme that emerged from the data was pain. Menstrual pain, discomfort, nausea, among other ailing side effects are commonly suffered by menstruators, but this is rarely communicated in menstrual product advertising. Many participants expressed that the ads focused on deceitful portrayals of periods being pain-free, rather than showing menstruation for what it actually is for some women: unpleasant and painful. One participant related the Tampax Radiant ad to her own experience with menstrual pain: “I am not really sure why a tampon needs to be radiant. Or what being radiant has to do with a tampon. I’ve never felt radiant when on my period.” Many participants also commented that the depictions of smiling, pain-free women caused them to feel resentful of their own experiences with menstruation. As one participant said, in reference to her monthly discomfort, “Having your period…it’s not the greatest part of being a woman. And it sucks sometimes.” She then went on to say, “I mean, she’s [the model] a pretty woman…and you know, they’re trying to give you confidence. But it just sucks that we have to have it every month, you know?”