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Cardiovascular and Related Complications of Diabetes
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Because of the analogous blood flow–dependent characteristics of vaginal engorgement and penile erection, it has been proposed that sildenafil citrate (Viagra® Pfizer, New York, New York), indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men, may be effective in treatment of estrogen-deficient women with sexual dysfunction that included female sexual arousal disorder (Basson, McInnes, Smith et al. 2004).
Clinician care of the patient
Published in Stephen Buetow, Person-centred Health Care, 2016
First, experiences that this society once considered a normal part of human adult life – such as sex and pregnancy – now commonly attract medical attention and intervention. Medicalization of symptoms has spawned diagnoses of new medical disorders like female sexual arousal disorder, and has created profitable opportunities to market new treatments. Moreover, the medical gaze has widened from signs and symptoms of illness to risk factors as spaces of possibility of illness. These risk factors are sometimes presented as preconditions or subclinical conditions among ‘pre-vivors’. All social spheres have witnessed this growth of surveillance and control by the medical gaze on the population, for example through public health campaigns and screening. Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘indefinite medicalization’ signifies how social and normalizing functions of this gaze impose themselves on populations without responding to the interests and demands of individual patients.
Genitals
Published in Lisa Jean Moore, Monica J. Casper, The Body, 2014
Lisa Jean Moore, Monica J. Casper
Like Fishman, journalist Ray Moynihan (2003) has suggested that researchers directly linked to pharmaceutical companies created the term “female sexual dysfunction” based on limited research as a means of constructing new markets for diagnosis and treatment of emerging “disorders.” Related terms include, for example, “female sexual arousal disorder” and “hypoactive sexual desire disorder.” This process is known as disease mongering, or the creation of pathological descriptions of normal bodily functioning for pharmaceutical profit (Payer 1992), which is related to biomedicalization (Clarke et al. 2009).
Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for “Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder” in Women
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) was released in 1994 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In the late 1990s, when pharmacological treatments to enhance female sexual desire and arousal were in development, the DSM-IV contained the list of “sexual dysfunctions” which could be targeted by such treatments, of which hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) were the most relevant. Drug firms funded the development of measurements for the severity of such “sexual dysfunctions” so that the success of their products could be gauged (Moynihan, 2003). In the DSM-5, published in 2013, HSDD and FSAD were both removed (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). They were replaced by a combined condition of female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD), a disorder including reduced sexual desire, lack of response to sexual stimuli, and lack of pleasure during sexual activity, impacting at least 75% of sexual encounters and causing significant personal distress over a period of at least six months.
What Does Sexual Arousal Mean to You? Women With and Without Sexual Arousal Concerns Describe Their Experiences
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2019
Ariel B. Handy, Amelia M. Stanton, Cindy M. Meston
There is also a clinical need to explore women’s experiences of sexual arousal, as it is important for clinicians to know how to describe the various components of arousal in ways that will resonate with their clients. This is particularly relevant given the recent elimination of hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) and creation of a single diagnosis (female sexual interest/arousal disorder [FSIAD]) in the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). While there were many reasons for this diagnostic change, one is that researchers, clinicians, and clients may define sexual desire differently (e.g., Brotto, 2010). Language selection clearly has real-world implications, and it is critical that clinicians know when it is appropriate to diagnose a sexual disorder based on their clients’ self-reported concerns.
Has flibanserin revolutionized the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder or is there still room for more effective therapeutics?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Rossella E. Nappi, Laura Cucinella, Lara Tiranini, Ellis Martini
The marketing of flibanserin has undoubtedly paved the way for future developments in the pharmacological management of sexual symptoms from a central nervous system (CNS) standpoint but also pointed to the need of redefining sexual behavioral symptoms specific to HSDD. The new DSM-5 diagnostic category of female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD), which combines desire and arousal disorders (HSDD and FSAD in DSM-IV-TR, respectively) [7], underlines the need to identify validated endpoints for clinical trials which could display consistency across different study populations and socio-cultural backgrounds. Only clear guidance on study design will help in avoiding criticisms, limit controversies and support the interest of women with sexual dysfunction [8]. In addition, specific response rate outcomes could contribute to a better understanding of the role of nonpharmacological strategies, including cognitive behavioral therapies, mindfulness among other approaches. As it is with pharmacological and nutraceuticals agents, the challenge is to identify the most appropriate outcomes to support the clinical success of nonpharmacological techniques in the context of sexual desire and arousal disorders. Less emphasis on sexual function and more attention to sexual satisfaction and relationships should guide future trials with both pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies [9].